A new type of basic hypergeometric series based on Macdonald polynomials is introduced. Besides a pair of Macdonald polynomials attached to two different sets of variables, a key ingredient in the basic hypergeometric series is a bisymmetric function related to Macdonald’s commuting family of q-difference operators, to the Selberg integrals of Tarasov and Varchenko, and to alternating sign matrices. Our main result for series is a multivariable generalization of the celebrated q-binomial theorem. In the limit this q-binomial sum yields a new Selberg integral for Jack polynomials.

We prove that, for any prime ℓ and any even integer n, there are infinitely many exponents k for which appears as a Galois group over . This generalizes a result of Wiese from 2006, which inspired this paper.

We improve Kolyvagin’s upper bound on the order of the p-primary part of the Shafarevich–Tate group of an elliptic curve of rank one over a quadratic imaginary field. In many cases, our bound is precisely that predicted by the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjectural formula.

We study a function field analog of Chebyshev’s bias. Our results, as well as their proofs, are similar to those of Rubinstein and Sarnak in the case of the rational number field. Following Rubinstein and Sarnak, we introduce the grand simplicity hypothesis (GSH), a certain hypothesis on the inverse zeros of Dirichlet L-series of a polynomial ring over a finite field. Under this hypothesis, we investigate how primes, that is, irreducible monic polynomials in a polynomial ring over a finite field, are distributed in a given set of residue classes modulo a fixed monic polynomial. In particular, we prove under the GSH that, like the number field case, primes are biased toward quadratic nonresidues. Unlike the number field case, the GSH can be proved to hold in some cases and can be violated in some other cases. Also, under the GSH, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for which primes are unbiased and describe certain central limit behaviors as the degree of modulus under consideration tends to infinity, all of which have been established in the number field case by Rubinstein and Sarnak.

We use twisted sheaves and their moduli spaces to study the Brauer group of a scheme. In particular, we (1) show how twisted methods can be efficiently used to re-prove the basic facts about the Brauer group and cohomological Brauer group (including Gabber’s theorem that they coincide for a separated union of two affine schemes), (2) give a new proof of de Jong’s period-index theorem for surfaces over algebraically closed fields, and (3) prove an analogous result for surfaces over finite fields. We also include a reduction of all period-index problems for Brauer groups of function fields over algebraically closed fields to characteristic zero, which (among other things) extends de Jong’s result to include classes of period divisible by the characteristic of the base field. Finally, we use the theory developed here to give counterexamples to a standard type of local-to-global conjecture for geometrically rational varieties over the function field of the projective plane.

We count how many ‘different’ Morse functions exist on the 2-sphere. There are several ways of declaring that two Morse functions f and g are ‘indistinguishable’ but we concentrate only on two natural equivalence relations: homological (when the regular sublevel sets f and g have identical Betti numbers) and geometric (when f is obtained from g via global, orientation-preserving changes of coordinates on S2 and ℝ). The count of homological classes is reduced to a count of lattice paths confined to the first quadrant. The count of geometric classes is reduced to a count of certain labeled trees, which is encoded by certain elliptic integrals.

Let K be an imaginary quadratic field with discriminant −D. We denote by 𝒪 the ring of integers of K. Let χ be the primitive Dirichlet character corresponding to K/ℚ. Let be the hermitian modular group of degree m. We construct a lifting from S2k(SL2(ℤ)) to S2k+2n(ΓK(2n+1),det −k−n) and a lifting from S2k+1(Γ0(D),χ) to S2k+2n(ΓK(2n),det −k−n). We give an explicit Fourier coefficient formula of the lifting. This is a generalization of the Maass lift considered by Kojima, Krieg and Sugano. We also discuss its extension to the adele group of U(m,m).

Sikora has given results which confirm the analogy between number fields and 3-manifolds. However, he has given proofs of his results which are very different in the arithmetic and in the topological case. In this paper, we show how to provide a unified approach to the results in the two cases. For this we introduce an equivariant cohomology which satisfies a localization theorem. In particular, we obtain a satisfactory explanation for the coincidences between Sikora’s formulas which leads us to clarify and to extend the dictionary of arithmetic topology.

We revisit recent work of Heath-Brown on the average order of the quantity r(L1(x))⋯r(L4(x)), for suitable binary linear forms L1,…,L4, as x=(x1,x2) ranges over quite general regions in ℤ2. In addition to improving the error term in Heath-Brown’s estimate, we generalise his result to cover a wider class of linear forms.

We prove a dynamical version of the Mordell–Lang conjecture in the context of Drinfeld modules. We use analytic methods similar to those employed by Skolem, Chabauty, and Coleman for studying diophantine equations.

This paper deals with criteria of algebraic independence for the derivatives of solutions of diagonal difference systems. The key idea consists in deriving from the commutativity of the differentiation and difference operators a sequence of iterated extensions of the original difference module, thereby setting the problem in the framework of difference Galois theory and finally reducing it to an exercise in linear algebra on the group of divisors of the involved elliptic curve or torus.

Let ϕ be a Drinfeld module of rank 2 over the field of rational functions , with . Let K be a fixed imaginary quadratic field over F and d a positive integer. For each prime of good reduction for ϕ, let be a root of the characteristic polynomial of the Frobenius endomorphism of ϕ over the finite field . Let Πϕ(K;d) be the number of primes of degree d such that the field extension is the fixed imaginary quadratic field K. We present upper bounds for Πϕ(K;d) obtained by two different approaches, inspired by similar ones for elliptic curves. The first approach, inspired by the work of Serre, is to consider the image of Frobenius in a mixed Galois representation associated to K and to the Drinfeld module ϕ. The second approach, inspired by the work of Cojocaru, Fouvry and Murty, is based on an application of the square sieve. The bounds obtained with the first method are better, but depend on the fixed quadratic imaginary field K. In our application of the second approach, we improve the results of Cojocaru, Murty and Fouvry by considering projective Galois representations.

We use Hodge theoretic methods to study homotopy types of complex projective manifolds with arbitrary fundamental groups. The main tool we use is the schematization functor, introduced by the third author as a substitute for the rationalization functor in homotopy theory in the case of non-simply connected spaces. Our main result is the construction of a Hodge decomposition on . This Hodge decomposition is encoded in an action of the discrete group on the object and is shown to recover the usual Hodge decomposition on cohomology, the Hodge filtration on the pro-algebraic fundamental group, and, in the simply connected case, the Hodge decomposition on the complexified homotopy groups. We show that our Hodge decomposition satisfies a purity property with respect to a weight filtration, generalizing the fact that the higher homotopy groups of a simply connected projective manifold have natural mixed Hodge structures. As applications we construct new examples of homotopy types which are not realizable as complex projective manifolds and we prove a formality theorem for the schematization of a complex projective manifold.

We present a simple description of moduli spaces of torsion-free 𝒟-modules (𝒟-bundles) on general smooth complex curves, generalizing the identification of the space of ideals in the Weyl algebra with Calogero–Moser quiver varieties. Namely, we show that the moduli of 𝒟-bundles form twisted cotangent bundles to moduli of torsion sheaves on X, answering a question of Ginzburg. The corresponding (untwisted) cotangent bundles are identified with moduli of perverse vector bundles on T*X, which contain as open subsets the moduli of framed torsion-free sheaves (the Hilbert schemes T*X[n] in the rank-one case). The proof is based on the description of the derived category of 𝒟-modules on X by a noncommutative version of the Beilinson transform on P1.

Let and be modular forms of half-integral weight k+1/2 and integral weight 2k respectively that are associated to each other under the Shimura–Kohnen correspondence. For suitable fundamental discriminants D, a theorem of Waldspurger relates the coefficient c(D) to the central critical value L(f,D,k) of the Hecke L-series of f twisted by the quadratic Dirichlet character of conductor D. This paper establishes a similar kind of relationship for central critical derivatives in the special case k=1, where f is of weight 2. The role of c(D) in our main theorem is played by the first derivative in the weight direction of the Dth Fourier coefficient of a p-adic family of half-integral weight modular forms. This family arises naturally, and is related under the Shimura correspondence to the Hida family interpolating f in weight 2. The proof of our main theorem rests on a variant of the Gross–Kohnen–Zagier formula for Stark–Heegner points attached to real quadratic fields, which may be of some independent interest. We also formulate a more general conjectural formula of Gross–Kohnen–Zagier type for Stark–Heegner points, and present numerical evidence for it in settings that seem inaccessible to our methods of proof based on p-adic deformations of modular forms.

For p≥3 an odd prime and a nonnegative integer r≤p−2, we prove a conjecture of Breuil on lattices in semi-stable representations, that is, the anti-equivalence of categories between the category of strongly divisible lattices of weight r and the category of Galois stable -lattices in semi-stable p-adic Galois representations with Hodge–Tate weights in {0,…,r}.

Let k be an algebraically closed field of positive characteristic p. We consider which finite groups G have the property that every faithful action of G on a connected smooth projective curve over k lifts to characteristic zero. Oort conjectured that cyclic groups have this property. We show that if a cyclic-by-p group G has this property, then G must be either cyclic or dihedral, with the exception of A4 in characteristic two. This proves one direction of a strong form of the Oort conjecture.

Given a curve of genus 3 with an unramified double cover, we give an explicit description of the associated Prym variety. We also describe how an unramified double cover of a non-hyperelliptic genus 3 curve can be mapped into the Jacobian of a curve of genus 2 over its field of definition and how this can be used to perform Chabauty- and Brauer–Manin-type calculations for curves of genus 5 with an fixed-point-free involution. As an application, we determine the rational points on a smooth plane quartic and give examples of curves of genus 3 and 5 violating the Hasse principle. The methods are, in principle, applicable to any genus 3 curve with a double cover. We also show how these constructions can be used to design smooth plane quartics with specific arithmetic properties. As an example, we give a smooth plane quartic with all 28 bitangents defined over . By specialization, this also gives examples over .

We establish various properties of the definition of cohomology of topological groups given by Grothendieck, Artin and Verdier in SGA4, including a Hochschild–Serre spectral sequence and a continuity theorem for compact groups. We use these properties to compute the cohomology of the Weil group of a totally imaginary field, and of the Weil-étale topology of a number ring recently introduced by Lichtenbaum (both with integer coefficients).

We develop the theory of p-adic confluence of q-difference equations. The main result is the fact that, in the p-adic framework, a function is a (Taylor) solution of a differential equation if and only if it is a solution of a q-difference equation. This fact implies an equivalence, called confluence, between the category of differential equations and those of q-difference equations. We develop this theory by introducing a category of sheaves on the disk D−(1,1), for which the stalk at 1 is a differential equation, the stalk at q isa q-difference equation if q is not a root of unity, and the stalk at a root of unity ξ is a mixed object, formed by a differential equation and an action of σξ.