In a simple stationary setting with constant interest rate, we derive pricing formulas for defaultable bonds with stochastic recovery rate using a replication argument. Replication is done by using an insurance contract (i.e. a kind of credit default swap), the price of which is determined by a dynamic premium calculation principle. We consider two cases, a linear one, where pricing amounts to solving an inhomogeneous linear ODE, and a super-linear case where a Riccati ODE has to be solved.

1. At an earlier ASTIN Colloquium participants were invited to present notes on problems which they considered as important but unsolved. There was little response to this invitation, presumably because a problem, once it is well formulated, is almost solved.

In this Note I do not present any new problems. In stead I try to outline a framework which may be useful for analysing different risk problems and seeing them in their proper perspective. In my view, a framework of this kind is urgently needed to place today's actuarial work on a sound foundation.

2. In general an insurance contract will define two stochastic processes. We lose little by assuming that the processes are discrete, and describing them in the following manner:

(i) The payment process: x0, x1 … xt …, where xt is the amount which the company pays to settle claims in period t, or at time t.

(ii) The premium process: p0, p1 … pt …, where pt is the premium which the company receives in period t, or at time t.

If the contract is concluded at time t = o, the Principle of Equivalence requires that

For the typical short-term contract with premium payable in advance (i) will reduce to

3. For a long-term insurance contract one usually requires that the inequality

shall hold for all τ. This means that the company must never be a net creditor of its customer.

The paper proposes a three parameter measure by which the risk of a portfolio can be assessed. The parameters are: the probability of ruin, the severity of ruin (i.e. the amount of the deficit when ruin occurs) and the time of ruin. This type of analysis does not lend itself to closed form solutions, but it can be easily carried out on a PC. The author presents some theoretical and practical examples.

This paper was written in connection with the preparation of Marché Commun regulations in the insurance sector and has been submitted to the Commission Technique pour l'étude d'un indice de solvabilité relatif aux entreprises d'assurances contre les dommages. It aims at explaining the scope of the problem to non-mathematicians and for that reason emphasizes its logical in contradistinction to its computational aspects.

The probability of the insurer's ruin has two aspects. The occurrence of the event ruin may be considered with respect to a fixed period but also with respect to a period of undetermined length. In both cases the period starts at a moment at which the insurer's capital (patrimoine) is known and it is intuitively clear that in both cases the probability of ruin will be the higher as the insurer's capital is smaller and the risk to which he is exposed heavier.

For some purposes more precise conclusions are required. This requirement gives rise to problems which will be considered here with respect to the probability of the occurrence of ruin in a period of undetermined length. It will be taken for granted that besides the artificial events occurring in games of chance there are other classes of uncertain events to which numerical probabilities can be assigned and that, as far as claims are concerned, the insurer's losses belong to one of the said classes. On this understanding it makes sense to consider a numerical probability of ruin depending on a fixed initial capital, random losses to which numerical probabilities are assigned, and other profits and losses.

The concept of economic equilibrium under uncertainty is applied to a model of insurance market where, in distinction to the classic Borch’s model of a reinsurance market, risk exchanges are allowed between the insurer and each insured only, not among insureds themselves. Conditions characterizing an equilibrium are found. A variant of the conditions, based on the Pareto optimality notion and involving risk aversion functions of the agents, is derived. An existence theorem is proved. Computation of the market premiums and optimal indemnities is illustrated by an example with exponential utility functions.

Le “Contrôle actuariel dans la comptabilité des branches élémentaires” constitue le 2e thème de ce colloque, tel que l'annonce le programme officiel. Ce thème comprend une ière partie intitulée: “Problèmes relatifs aux sinistres”, qui est le sujet de cette séance.

Les notes préliminaires de notre Président, parues dans notre dernier bulletin, suggéraient d'orienter les travaux vers les applications pratiques de l'important travail théorique déjà réalisé dans le cadre d'Astin. Plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne les sinistres dans les assurances de responsabilité civile, ces notes attiraient l'attention sur une certaine analogie que la longue dureé de règlement des sinistres pouvait créer entre l'estimation des réserves pour sinistres à régler et l'évaluation des réserves mathématiques en branche Vie et elles soulevaient dès lors assez naturellement la question des méthodes d'estimation collective. En fait, les communications qui ont été rattachèes à cette rère partie du 2e thème interprètent le sujet de manière extrêmement large. Ne voyez dans cette réflexion initiale nul reproche aux auteurs, mais la simple constatation d'un fait dont mon rapport introductif doit tenir compte: il ne sera pas une synthese dans les directions proposées par notre Président.

Une partie des communications se rattache au fond à la théiorie du risque. Pour mieux dégager l'apport de ces notes, je me propose de le dépouiller autant que possible de son aspect purement mathématique et de le situer dans l'évolution des idées et des recherches en la matière.

J'indiquerai ensuite l'apport des communications au sujet de l'estimation des réserves pour sinistres à régler.

Enfin, je résumerai les travaux qui se rapportent à la tarification du risque automobile.

We start by describing how, in some cases, we can use variance-related premium principles in ratemaking, when the claim numbers and individual claim amounts are independent. We use quasi-likelihood generalized linear models, under the assumption that the variance function is a power function of the mean of the underlying random variable. We extend this approach to the cases where the claim numbers are correlated. Some alternatives to deal with dependent risks are presented, taking explicitly into account overdispersion. We present regression models covering the bivariate Poisson, the generalized bivariate negative binomial and the bivariate Poisson–Laguerre polynomial, which nest the bivariate negative binomial. We apply these models to a portfolio of the Portuguese insurance company Tranquilidade and compare the results obtained.

Pour construire un tarif “Automobile” il est nécessaire d'étudier la charge des sinistres causés par les véhicules appartenant à des groupes homogènes divers: il est commode de procéder à un échantillonnage.

On peut construire un échantillon où figurent des proportions constantes ou connues de chacun des groupes constituant la population à étudier.

En pratique l'échantillonnage, doit, pour avoir une efficacité admissible, être particulièrement important dans les groupes à faible fréquence pour donner un nombre significatif de sinistres.

Or, comme pour déterminer la méthode de sélection des échantillons on ne connait pas le groupe des véhicules sélectionnés, on serait contraint de prendre un échantillon très important.

En France, le Groupement Technique Accidents fait des études sur la totalité des véhicules assurés par les Compagnies adhérentes à la statistique commune et qui représentent un tiers du Pare National.

L'inconvénient de la méthode actuelle est l'impossibilité d'étudier rapidement un nouveau critère — car il faut attendre les mouvements sur le portefeuille à l'occasion desquels on enregistre le critère à étudier; les mouvements, en outre, frappent probablement moins les véliicules à faible fréquence. Le délai nécessaire pour l'étude d'un nouveau critère se compte en années.

Il peut être souhaitable pour suivre l'évolution économique ou sociale d'étudier rapidement dans un délai chiffré en mois, l'influence de certains critères nouveaux, pour éviter sous la pression d'événements extérieurs d'être amené à. prendre des décisions dites “politiques” — cet euphémisme justifiant, dans le doute, des réductions de tarif explicables uniquement par le fait qu'un concurrent dangereux est peut-être sérieux — à ce moment il est inévitable de procéder à un sondage.

In the context of life insurance with profit participation, the future discretionary benefits (FDB), which are a central item for Solvency II reporting, are generally calculated by computationally expensive Monte Carlo algorithms. We derive analytic formulas to estimate lower and upper bounds for the FDB. This yields an estimation interval for the FDB, and the average of lower and upper bound is a simple estimator. These formulae are designed for real world applications, and we compare the results to publicly available reporting data.

The survival energy model (SEM) is a recently introduced novel approach to mortality prediction, which offers a cohort-wise distribution function of the time of death as the first hitting time of a “survival energy” diffusion process to zero. In this study, we propose a novel SEM that can serve as a suitable candidate in the family of prediction models. We also proposed a method to improve the prediction in an earlier work. We further examine the practical advantages of SEM over existing mortality models.

Some reasons are given for paying special attention to the gross cost of catastrophe claims in planning and control. A method is then described of defining catastrophe claims and estimating their expected cost. The various steps in applying the method to real data and its performance for planning and control are discussed and illustrated in conjunction with an investigation carried out on a company portfolio.

A few years ago Scurfield (JSS 18) indicated a method used inone U.K. non-Life Office for estimating claims liability for the Motor class of business. Since that paper was written a considerable amount of development has taken place and it is now used in the office as an effective continuous method, using computer techniques, for estimating claims liability. It has also been used for projecting expected cash flow for claims arising in the past.

Whilst it is accepted that the method has limitations, it has been found that an automatic method is required especially in the production of financial models in the non-Life field, and its limitations are outweighed by the fact that there are, in our opinion, no easier methods of producing a satisfactory working model.

In the following paper it is the intention to set out briefly the details of the method, then concentrating on the known limitations and the methods so far devised to combat these limitations. In the appendices we have reproduced some computer printout and figures which will provide practical information on the method.

The principle behind the method is that the “Run-off” of claims payments for any “year of claim”, or similar cohort of claims, follows a particular pattern which experience has shown to be reasonably stable. We can thus study the pattern of claims payments at each stage of “run-off”, say each month and thus ascertain the average and range of values that the historic pattern shows (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Period of delay since beginning of claims Period (Years)

De nombreux modèles, en actuariat, se basent sur l'existence d'une fonction d'utilité additive. Le but de cet article est de montrer que cette hypothèse enlève au problème traité son caractère dynamique et que la suppression de l'additivité conduit à une solution plus réaliste.