Hydroacoustic split-beam techniques have been applied to enumerate salmon migrating in the river Tana (northern Norway) during the summers 1998 and 1999. Analysing data by single echo detection and tracking was difficult. Missing echoes in tracks from fish, combined with noise in the output from the single echo detector was seen as reasons for this. An improved counting method is presented. Contours from moving targets are detected by image analysis. Then, detected single echoes within these contours are combined into tracks. This procedure reduces problems related to noise, and to tracking fish with few accepted single echoes.

We propose a simple method to quantify the morphology of 2-3-year-old carps (Cyprinus carpio) which is related to their fillet yield. This method is based on the automated image analysis of the lateral projection of the fish (mask). Seven morphological measurements specifically related to fillet yield of carps were defined. The comparison between this method and the conventional quantification of fish shape, based on measurements of skeletal landmarks, increases the significance of this fitting. From the analysis of the morphometric data, we propose a profitable carp morphotype which is defined by four angles and two distances which quantify the shape of the head and the position of the caudal peduncle, respectively. The main characteristic of this morphotype is the absence of a large dorsal development, and the ventral position of the caudal peduncle.

The most important pelagic artisanal fishery of the Colombian Caribbean Sea is the Atlantic thread herring (Opisthonema oglinum) and the associated species scaled herring (Harengula jaguana), round sardinella (Sardinella aurita), and scad (Decapterus punctatus). The largest aggregations of these small pelagics were found in the La Guajira area, where the local oceanography is modulated by seasonal upwelling intensity. We analysed the associations between the distribution of these small pelagic fishes and the environmental variables. A cumulative frequency method and a Monte Carlo randomization were used to detect associations between fish density and environmental variables. The adults of Atlantic thread herring were found in the upwelling area of La Guajira Peninsula and were associated to waters with temperature and salinity values higher than 25.5 and 36.7 °C, respectively. During December, a nursery area was found in the southern portion of the study area and the juveniles of Atlantic thread herring showed preference for temperatures higher than 27.4 °C. Scaled herring was found to be associated with temperatures (>25.7 °C) and salinities (>36.8). Scad and round sardinella were also associated to temperatures and salinities higher than 25 and 36.6 °C. Our results suggest that the dynamics of the upwelling area may influence the spatial distribution and abundance of small pelagics in the Colombian Caribbean Sea.

Les pêcheries du delta central du Niger font l'objet d'une exploitation intensive depuis de nombreuses années. L'analyse des débarquements de poisson pendant les deux dernières décennies laisse apparaître de fortes fluctuations dans la production qui décroît régulièrement de 87 000 t en 1969–70 à 37 000 t en 1984–85. Deux causes peuvent être évoquées pour expliquer ce phénomène : l'apparition de la sécheresse en Afrique et/ou l'augmentation de la pression de pêche. Dans le premier cas, les captures annuelles et l'indice d'inondation des plaines, calculés en fonction du cycle hydrologique du delta (de juillet à juin), sont bien corrélés, ce qui s'explique a posteriori par la composition des captures qui s'effectuent à 69 % sur des poissons de moins de 1 an. Dans le second cas, certains éléments suggèrent qu'il y a eu une intensification importante de la pression de pêche sans que celle-ci puisse être chiffrée. La chute des captures totales ne semble pourtant pas due à une mauvaise exploitation des ressources. Les difficultés ressenties par les pêcheurs : réduction des prélèvements individuels qui passent de 1 900 kg/an en 1966 à 740 kg/an en 1989, nécessité de diversifier les activités en pratiquant l'agriculture ou de migrer vers les lacs de barrage ou à l'étranger, seraient donc dues à des phénomènes naturels (sécheresse) ayant entraîné par la suite des complications d'ordre sociologique et économique. De fait, la réduction des zones en eau provoque une diminution des sites exploitables et l'émergence de conflits entre villages ou familles pour l'accès à la ressource. Par ailleurs, un certain relâchement du contrôle des autorités traditionnelles lié à un accroissement démographique important aurait provoqué une augmentation du nombre de pêcheurs en vingt ans de l'ordre de 20 000 personnes (43 000 en 1966 contre 63 000 en 1989) conduisant à un partage difficile des captures par ailleurs en baisse.

The pursuit of sustainable fisheries requires a broad vision of fishery science as the scientific study of fishery systems. This implies the incorporation into fishery science of research on fishery management, fishing processes, fisher behaviour and the human dynamics of fishery systems. Such research requires (a) more extensive multidisciplinary linkages, with an increased role for economic and social science research, and (b) more day-to-day linkages between people, namely those involved in fishery science and in management, together with fishery stakeholders. This paper reviews potential directions for fisheries research, and suggests a corresponding range of multidisciplinary research priorities, focused on analysis of: (a) the fishery management system, at both strategic and operational levels, (b) fisher behaviour andresponse to regulations, (c) "human dynamics" in fisheries, and (d) fishery systems modelling.

Adult, healthy Manila clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, were inoculated in the laboratory with different, possibly pathogenic bacteria species to study the cellular immune responses. Challenging the clams with Vibrio P1, the causative agent of brown ring disease, induced significant increased total hemocyte counts three days post-challenge. The triggering role of the number of bacteria in the inoculum suggested a threshold for inducing the host response. In addition, a significant decrease of hyalinocytes and an increase of granulocytes revealed a modification in hemocyte population balance. No response was observed in individuals that received either heat killed-Vibrio P1, V. anguillarum or V. pelagius. These experiments demonstrate in R. philippinarum the influence of bacterial parameters on the selective induction of host immunodefence mechanisms. The biological processes by which intra-pallial inoculation of Vibrio P1 stimulates the internal defence system of the host has not yet been identified but the role of some bacterial factors (toxins, adherence capacity) is discussed.

Il est bien connu des pêcheurs que les monts sous-marins, nombreux dans l'Atlantique tropical est, concentrent parfois de fortes biomasses de thons. Cette association thons et monts sous-marins n'a paradoxalement fait l'objet d'aucun programme de recherches. Le présent article fait un bilan des captures de thons réalisées par les flottilles thonières internationales sur les monts sous-marins connus dans l'Atlantique tropical est durant les années récentes (période 1980 à 1987). La prise annuelle de thons sur certains monts sous-marins peut atteindre plusieurs milliers de tonnes. Les statistiques de pêche thonière montrent que certains monts sous-marins sont riches en thons, alors que d'autres semblent pauvres en permanence, bien qu'ils soient situés dans des zones prospectées par les pêcheurs. Les particularités biologiques de ce type de pêche sont analysées : les captures sont en général plurispécifiques; albacores (Thunnus albacares), listaos (Katsuwonus pelamis) et patudos (Parathunnus obesus) sont pêchés en proportions voisines avec des individus de tailles relativement petites en comparaison des zones voisines. Des hypothèses sont développées sur les causes et sur la dynamique de l'agrégation des thons autour de ces hauts-fonds en utilisant les statistiques de pêche journalières et les résultats de marquages classiques et par marques émettrices réalisés sur un mont sous-marin. Les perspectives de recherches sur l'association sous-marins et thons et sur l'exploitation rationnelle de ces micro-structures sont discutées. Les positions et les profondeurs des monts sous-marins étant actuellement facilement repérées grâce aux satellites à radar altimétrique, la localisation systématique de ces structures est possible et revêt pour les pêcheurs un intérêt potentiel évident pour réduire les temps de prospections des thoniers.

L'étude de la maturation et de la ponte de l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas, s'intègre dans une large problématique visant à comprendre les causes de mortalité qui surviennent épisodiquement dans le bassin de Marennes-Oléron au printemps et en été. Un conditionnement thermique et alimentaire des élevages permet d'obtenir simultanément des huîtres à tous les stades de maturité sexuelle. Le calcul des taux de filtration, consommation, absorption et respiration permet d'estimer le potentiel de croissance, et donne le bilan énergétique des huîtres aux différents stades sexuels. Les réponses physiologiques sont semblables pour des huîtres mâles ou femelles. La filtration de 2,4 à 2,6 1.h−1, passe à 1,8 1.h−1 à un stade de maturation avancée. La prise de poids liée au développement des gonades ne semble pas avoir d'effet sur le taux de filtration. Les huîtres de 2,5 ans présentent un bilan énergétique déficitaire (–15 J.h−1) à un stade de maturation avancée. Ce déficit est confirmé (–90 J.h−1) sur des huîtres de 1,5 ans au même stade de maturation. En revanche, les huîtres immatures, en début de maturation ou en post-ponte, ont un potentiel de croissance compris entre 110 et 170 J.h−1 . Le déficit énergétique observé au stade de maturation avancée relève essentiellement de la fonction d'absorption qui chute de façon importante en période de forte gamétogenèse. L'étude de la respiration permet de définir une allométrie particulière à la croissance gonadique avec un coefficient d'allométrie de 0,574. La faiblesse physiologique des huîtres, observée à un stade de maturation avancée, doit être prise en compte dans la recherche des facteurs responsables des mortalités printanières et estivales affectant les cheptels en élevage dans le bassin de Marennes-Oléron.

The eastern English Channel, the narrow channel of water separating northern France and southeast England is an area of intense human use of the array of resources concentrated into its relative small area. The vulnerability of living resources and their habitats brought together French and British maritime experts within a common project (called CHARM): to create an atlas of marine resource habitats in the eastern English Channel so as to provide planners and decision-makers with the necessary information to help managing the use of its living and non-living resources. This multidisciplinary and richly illustrated atlas provides abundant information on the legal framework and physical environment; benthic invertebrates, fish and their habitats; fishing activities; and a first attempt at developing a trophic network model (using ECOPATH software) and a marine conservation planning exercise (using MARXAN software, at a spatial resolution of 25 km $^{2})$ . Although most of the data used were collected elsewhere, some were collected especially for the project. Similarly, most of the analyses performed on the data where entirely original for this geographical area. The CHARM atlas has significantly improved the knowledge about the eastern Channel while contributing to the recognition that such holistic or multidisciplinary approaches to exploited marine systems are necessary to efficiently and durably manage their resources use.

Since March 2001, samples of the remaining oil from the wreck of the “Erika” have been collected along the Atlantic coastline in order to assess the natural degradation rate. Four years after the sinking of the tanker, chemical analyses of the oil revealed the influence of environmental parameters on the degradation kinetics. Among the diverse parameters controlling the fate of oil in the environment, biodegradation by microorganisms is known to play an important role. To investigate the role of microorganisms on “Erika” oil degradation, microbial mats from the Guérande salt marches were maintained in slurries containing the pollutant. From these slurries experiments, a low biodegradation rate of the “Erika” oil was detected indicating the degradation capacities of microbial mats. Biodiversity studies were conducted to further understand the biodegradation processes. Microbial mats from the Guérande salterns were maintained in microcosms to evaluate the impact of “Erika” oil on bacterial communities. Molecular analysis based on 16S rRNA and pufM encoding genes allowed fingerprinting of the bacterial and purple anoxygenic bacterial (PAB) communities respectively. These studies revealed bacterial diversity and communities changes showing the adaptation of microorganisms to the “Erika”.

The Central Mediterranean provides important neritic habitats for loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), but Mediterranean bottom trawlers catch an estimated 30 000 turtles a year, with 25% mortality. Mortality by trawling is mainly due to enforced apnoea during towing activity. In order to reduce the submergence time and consequent turtle mortality, a specific technical modification was developed in the early 1980s: the Turtle Excluder Device (TED). In this paper, we field-tested a typical Supershooter TED and three new types of low-cost TED, built with different designs and materials, incorporating aspects of US and Australian TEDs, as well as design features to improve handling and catch rates. The performance of the TEDs was investigated under commercial fishing conditions in diverse trawling grounds in the Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean). All TEDs were easy to operate and did not require changes to normal fishing operations. Due to lack of entry of turtles it was not possible to evaluate the ability of the different TEDs to release turtles, but one large loggerhead turtle (C. caretta) was captured during the experimental tows and was successfully excluded by the Supershooter. The TEDs reduced anthropogenic debris and, consequently, sorting operations on board. Among the four TEDs tested, both the semi-rigid TED and the Supershooter performed in accordance with the design objectives: total discards were reduced but total commercial catches were not significantly reduced. With the Supershooter, all European hake (Merluccius merluccius) individuals equal to or above 16 cm were found in the codend and 10–15% of those between 5.0 and 15.5 cm were released. In general, the total discard rate of the TED-equipped nets was reduced to around 20–60%. Since the Council Regulation (EC) No. 1967/2006 called for a discard reduction policy in waters under the jurisdiction of the European Union, TEDs may have some broader value in this context.

The impact of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck) on particle removal from the water column under different flow velocities was measured in the laboratory within a recirculating flume. At 20 °C, the filtration rates increased with current velocity up to 20−25 cm·s−1. Filtration rates remained the same at 26 °C. At high phytoplankton concentration (Cryptophyceae: 8 500−11 000 Cryptomonas sp. cells·mL−1), filtration rates were low (0.2−0.4 L·h−1 per standard individual of 1 g dry weight), whereas higher filtration rates (0.5−2.5 L·h−1 per standard individual) were observed with lower concentrations of the algae Prorocentrum minimum (Dinophyceae : 1 300−5 800 cells·mL−1). The filtration rates of M. galloprovincialis were affected by high phytoplankton loads, and exhibited a maximum related to current velocity. Our results suggest that mussels, feeding over a wide range of seston concentrations and flow velocities, show an adaptive behaviour in an area where environmental conditions are known to vary drastically.

A 200 kHz digital echosounder (HTI) with two split-beam transducers was aimed horizontally to monitor the upstream migration activity of fish, from 24 April to 28 June, in Äijälänsalmi channel (mean width 35 m, length 700 m, and maximum depth 5 m) from large mesotrophic Lake Päijänne to small eutrophic Lake Jyväsjärvi. This study was part of a larger project which aims to analyse the movement of commercially unimportant fish species and reduce the abundance of these fish in L. Jyväsjärvi. Catch samples were collected with a trap net located immediately upstream from the acoustic beams. The most common species in the catch were roach (Rutilus rutilus), perch (Perca fluviatilis), bream (Abramis brama), ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus), and white bream (Abramis bjoerkna). The upstream migration of fish was correlated with water temperature (r = 0.40) with time lag of 1 d. In spring, L. Jyväsjärvi warmed faster than L. Päijänne, causing spawning migration from L. Päijänne to L. Jyväsjärvi. Clear diurnal rhythm in activity was observed. The migration rate through the channel peaked around dawn and dusk. Catch per unit effort of the trap net suggested that the peak of the spawning migration of different species was separate. Upstream migration was induced by the temperature difference between two lakes, and the activity of the migration was regulated by temperature changes and light rhythm.

The main characteristics of the reproductive biology of Tilapia guineensis and Sarotherodon melanotheron have been studied in Ebrié lagoon (Ivory Coast), with a comparison between natural and cultured populations. In this lagoon, the two species breed throughout the year without interruption. However, seasonal variations in the intensity of the sexual activity have been observed and are more pronounced at the Layo aquaculture station, where the hydroclimate is more unstable than in other lagoon sectors studied. The proportion of mature individuals, the mean GSI, the relative fecundity and the spawning frequency are higher during the dry season than during the rainy season. In rearing enclosures, both species reach sexual maturity at a smaller size, and produce smaller but more numerous oocytes than in the wild. On the other hand, the relationship between the spawn weight and the female body weight are remarkably similar under both situations. For S. melanotheron, which is a male mouthbreeder, the number of brooded eggs or fry is positively related to the male body weight. In 2 m3 concrete tanks, the mean elapsed time between two successive spawnings is about 2 weeks for S. melanotheron and about 3 weeks for T. guineensis.

Distribution and relative abundance of blue sharks (Prionace glauca) in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean was modeled based on catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) per 1000 hooks and length frequencies of blue sharks caught by the Brazilian pelagic tuna longline fleet. As a measure of relative abundance, CPUE of blue sharks caught in 58 238 fishing sets by the Brazilian pelagic tuna longline fleet (national and chartered), from 1978 to 2009, was standardized by a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) using three different approaches: i) a negative binomial error structure (log link); ii) the traditional delta lognormal model; and iii) the Tweedie distribution, recently proposed to adjust models with a high proportion of zeros. A cluster analysis using the K-means method was used to identify target species and incorporate it as a factor into the GLM. Cluster analysis grouped the data into six different fishing clusters according to the percentage of target species. Target factor (cluster) was the most important factor explaining the variance in all three CPUE models. The Tweedie model showed a relatively better fit compared to the other models. Blue shark nominal and standardized CPUE showed a relatively stable trend from 1978 to 1995. From 1995 onwards, however, there was an increasing trend in the standardized CPUE, up to a maximum value in 2008. In general, nominal CPUE and standardized CPUE tracked well up until 2000, after which standardized CPUE’s values were at a noticeably lower level than nominal CPUE. Length frequency data were analyzed for 11 932 blue sharks measured as part of the Brazilian onboard observer program operating on the pelagic tuna longline fleet between 2006 and 2008, with sizes ranging from 91 to 224 cm fork length. Overall, blue shark size data showed clear spatial and seasonal distributions for males and females in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, with juveniles predominantly concentrated in the most southerly latitudes.

Sperm was collected from testes and from three or four parts of the deferent ducts of 4 to 6 winter-spawning male rainbow trout, about every two weeks over a three month period (January toMarch). Milt volume, spermatocrit, sperm motility, 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and 17α-hydroxy,20β dihydroprogesterone (17,20P) levels and ionic composition were determined. Steroids and ions were also measured in blood plasma. The K+ concentrations and steroid levels in the seminal fluid from each part of the ducts did not vary significantly over the period of study. In two out of the three parts of the ducts, Na+ (parts 1 and III) Ca2+ (parts I and III) and Mg2+ (parts I and II) levels were significantly higher at the end of March than two months earlier. Motility of testicular sperm peaked (42%) in mid-February while that of sperm from ducts usually remained stable (80 to 100%) throughout the three months. Seminal fluids and blood plasma were confirmed to be isotonic (300 mmol/kg). Levels of K+, Na+, Ca2+, 11-KT and 17.20P in the plasma and seminal fluid differed significantly (respectively 0.3 vs 34 mmol, 134 vs 116 mmol, 3.4 vs 2.0 mmol, 87 vs 17 to 39 ng/ml, 11 vs 3 to 13 ng/ml), with the Na+ and steroid levels being positively correlated in both liquids. Osmolality, Cl-, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrationsremained constant along the genital tract. In contrast, spermatocrit and 11-KT and 17.20P levels decreased significantly and progressively from testis to the posterior or middle part of the ducts (respectively 97 to 49%, 39 to 17 ng/ml, 13 to 3 ng/ml) while sperm motility (percentage of motile cells and duration of motility) increased (74 to 96% and 41 to 51 s). No significant correlation was found between sperm motility and the studied physicochemical parameters of the seminal fluid.

Two female barbel Rarbus barbus (L.) were tagged with implantable radio transmitters and tracked in the Ourthe River (Southern Belgium) from April 12th to July 7th, 1989 to study their movements and activity rhythms during the spring-summer period. Both barbels defined a 1.6 km home range and occupied four residence areas. Greatest average daily movements within the home range limits occurred during the prespawning and spawning periods and were associated with variations of mean daily water temperature and level. Barbel 2 made a 9.6 km excursion from its spring home range and homed a week later in its residence area. Barbels displayed dusk and dawn activity patterns, character- ized by the occupation of riffle areas. The activity timing was found to be dependent on water temperature while the size of daily activity area was more influenced by river flow conditions.

Self-feeding systems allow fish to freely express feeding activity. A simple rod at the water surface can act as a trigger and provide fish with a way of obtaining pellets from a feeder. Such a rod presented to experienced European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax, may lead to feed wastage, probably as a result of unintentional fish contacts with the trigger. Trigger protection screens have been designed to prevent fish contacting the trigger by chance, and the efficacy of such screens was tested. Nocturnal and diurnal feed delivery and feed wasted were compared under conditions where the rod was unprotected or protected by semi-cylindrical or cylindrical screens. Tests were conducted using an unrestricted self-feeding regime (reward: 0.2 g pellet per kg of body weight and per fish contact) in juvenile seabass (57 g body weight) fed for 28 days at 21.3 °C. Fish were subjected to a 4-h L:20-h D (light:dark) photoperiod. The daily feed demand pattern and the nocturnal and diurnal feed wastage were recorded. Fish activated the trigger predominantly at night, except in the case of one group exposed to a trigger protected by a semi-cylindrical screen. in the latter, triggering activity was progressively distributed throughout the light:dark cycle. The cylindrical screens markedly reduced feed wastage and seabass were able to locate and activate the trigger (even in total darkness) to obtain a reward.

The need for a better understanding of the role of biodiversity in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems has been raised recently by several authors. If the question is not entirely new, its formulation is. It is therefore the opportunity to re-examine the pool of data already available in order to discuss some results that may be relevant for that purpose, while some major ecological questions have been identified. The top-down view argues that the effects of fish predation cascade down the trophic chain and are responsible for controlling the state of the entire ecosystem. The influence of fish predation on prey assemblages (prey selection, ontogenic shift) has been fairly well documented by various studies of African fish. They are also challenging subjects for studies of resource partitioning, a well documented example being given by zooplanktivores in Lake Turkana. The principle of cascading trophic interactions has been documented in Lake Victoria, after the introduction of a top predator, Lates niloticus. Another striking example is thatof Lake Nakuru where the introduction of a tilapiine resulted in a substantial increase of bird diversity, by the extension of the food chain to fish-eating birds. This introduced tilapiine may be considered as a keystone species, but this concept is questioned. A possible origin of fish biodiversity is adaptive radiation, that is to say the differentiation of species in morphology and resource use through competition. The cichlid flocks of the African Great Lakes where hundreds of rather similar species coexist, provide one of the best known examples of adaptive radiation. The question of niche overlap and functional redundancy has been raised and various studies have been conducted in the East African Lakes. The role of rare species has also been questioned. They may provide an insurance of ecosystem stability, which means that the more stable ecosystems in terms of key functions are those richest in species. In fact, in many large Nilo-Sudan river basins, there are apparently several groups of species which are able to replace the current assemblage when it experiences new ecological situations. Finally, the question has been raised as to what extent patterns of biodiversity are important for ecosystem productivity. The cornparison of data for four African lakes shows no relationship between fish diversity and fishery production, and speciesrichness does not appear to be a major determinant of basic production trends. At present we have only anecdotal, sometimes controversial, evidence of the role of fish diversity on the functioning of African freshwater ecosystems. We need to improve this knowledge on the importance of biodiversity in order to convince decision-makers that fish biodiversity needs protection.

This study was based on wild-caught blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra L., from Port Fairy waters, south eastern Australia (142°15'E; 38°21'S), from July 1998 to November 1999, and was initiated to evaluate the spawning season and other aspects of its reproductive biology. The shell length and body weight of female and male abalone sampled ranged from 12.0 to 18.6 and 12 to 15 cm, and 137 to 529 and 148 to 585 g, respectively. The sex ratio did not vary significantly from 1:1 through the year. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) ranged from 3.0% to 8.4% in males, and 2.5% to 14.1% for females, and the highest GSI as well as the highest proportion of mature animals were recorded from September to October. During these months the hepatosomatic index (HSI) was low, and an inverse correlation between GSI and HSI (P < 0.05) was evident. Fecundity of blacklip abalone ranged from 1.09 to 7.5 million eggs for females of 12–14.5 cm in length, and 115–487 g in total body weight, respectively. The lipid content of the female gonad increased significantly from about July to November, and an opposite trend was observed for lipid content of the digestive gland. Seasonal changes in the protein and ash contents of the gonad and/or the digestive gland were not always significant.