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Over the last forty years, scientists have uncovered evidence that if the Universe had been forged with even slightly different properties, life as we know it - and life as we can imagine it - would be impossible. Join us on a journey through how we understand the Universe, from its most basic particles and forces, to planets, stars and galaxies, and back through cosmic history to the birth of the cosmos. Conflicting notions about our place in the Universe are defined, defended and critiqued from scientific, philosophical and religious viewpoints. The authors' engaging and witty style addresses what fine-tuning might mean for the future of physics and the search for the ultimate laws of nature. Tackling difficult questions and providing thought-provoking answers, this volumes challenges us to consider our place in the cosmos, regardless of our initial convictions.
We have presented the science of fine-tuning, as described in previous chapters, to all kinds of audiences – young and old, scientist and civilian, and even the occasional philosopher. It has an uncanny ability to raise questions.
In the preceding chapter, we looked at what a human being is made of. Here, we look at what animates us. In particular, we consider the fundamental forces of nature: the rules that tell our basic parts how to interact with each other, that cause motion and change. Once again, we’ll see what happens when we bend the rules.
You don’t have to be a scientist to appreciate the beauty of the night sky, but there is much more to the Universe1 than its good looks. For scientists, the goal is to unveil the inner workings of nature, the rules and properties that dictate how the bits and pieces of the cosmos move and interact.
You should congratulate yourself on reaching the final chapter of our book. It has been a long journey, from the physics of the very small to the workings of the entire cosmos, with bits of everything in between.
For all this talk of changing the laws of nature, until now we have stayed safely within the confines of familiar physical theories. We’ve messed with the ingredients in the laws: the stuff, the strengths of the forces, and the initial state of the Universe. But we’ve not touched the laws themselves. However, just like the constants of nature, we don’t know why the laws of nature are what they are. So let’s change everything … all bets are off!
We begin with a seemingly simple question: what are you made of? As you look at your hands, you can see skin, nails and hair, but underneath there is a whole lot more: bones, organs, and fluids of various colours. These are made of still smaller things: molecules and atoms, which are made of electrons, protons and neutrons.
It is now time to go large and connect life with the Universe in its entirety. We will see how, from simple beginnings, the Universe expands and cools, forming galaxies, stars and planets. We’ll see where our matter came from, consider dark matter and dark energy, and understand how cosmological theories reach back toward the very beginning.
The Universe runs on energy. This energy comes in a variety of forms, such as heat, light, motion, and in matter itself, which Einstein’s famous E = mc2 tells us is also a form of energy.