The abstract notion of freedom of thought, dating back at least to Roman times, has transmutated into a tangible legal right with its incorporation in Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. This chapter traces the genesis of the right through evolving formulations in the drafts of the Declaration and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It also presents the few pertinent remarks on the right by notable figures such as Charles Malik and René Cassin as documented primarily in the Summary Records of the Commission on Human Rights between 1947 and 1949. An in-depth analysis of the travaux préparatoires yields ten significant findings for an understanding of the freedom. The analysis reaffirms some established facets of the right such as its unique twofold structure, and sheds light on hitherto unexplored facts such as the specific relation between thought, conscience, and religion. It further identifies unresolved questions and offers perspectives for contemporary interpretations of the freedom.

The historical profession emerged in Europe in the nineteenth century in tandem with the rise of the nation-state. Historians of the modern period in particular focused above all on the political history of nation-states and the diplomatic history of relations between them. Global aspects of European history were covered mainly in terms of Europe’s impact on other parts of the world, as in Hobsbawm’s “dual revolution” (the worldwide repercussions of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution), or the history of Europe’s colonial possessions overseas. And yet there were demonstrable global influences on many key developments in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Europe, from the liberalism of the Latin American revolutions of the 1820s to the economic impact of the cotton-growing slave economies of the American South. The globalization processes of the late twentieth century have brought these into sharper focus and powered an approach that places Europe’s history in a broader global context of mutual interaction. Yet the nation-state is not dead, and national governments are vigorously promoting a return to national histories in the service of patriotic education. Global history is here to stay, but its place in the educational system, particularly school curricula, remains heavily contested.

This chapter explores the bi-directional strengths of autistics in the academy: the strengths that autistic people bring to their role, and the strengths of the university environment as a workplace for academics. Key strengths of autistic people that are beneficial in academic roles include focused interests, attention to detail, pragmatism, and many other aspects that may not be evident in common stereotypes of autism. Strengths of the academic environment as an autistic workplace include the cerebral nature of the role, structured interactions, and the value placed on in-depth knowledge. Combined, these bi-directional strengths are expanded on in the context of the resulting capacity for autistic people in academia to learn, teach, work, help, and connect.

Disorders of the neuromuscular system have significant consequences for the anesthetic provider. A thorough knowledge of inheritance patterns, diagnosis, symptomatology, treatment, and pathophysiology is paramount in providing safe anesthetic care. Here we provide a review of the commonly encountered neuromuscular disorders and highlight the most salient features of each. The broad range of demyelinating diseases, myotonias, channelopathies, myasthenic syndromes, and mitochondrial diseases that affect the neuromuscular system will be presented.

The right to freedom of thought is enshrined in Article 32(1) of Kenya’s 2010 Constitution. This right aims to facilitate democratic discourse, critical thinking, and societal progress. However, despite its constitutional protection, the right remains underdeveloped statutorily, in judicial decisions, and in academic literature. Ambiguity persists in defining and qualifying violations of this right, as no court has thus far engaged in a comprehensive analysis to establish its content and scope. Instead, it has been intertwined with discussions on the scope, application, and limitations of freedoms of expression, religion, belief, and opinion, being regarded as the essential inner element necessary for the exercise of these freedoms. This chapter examines the scope of the right to freedom of thought in Kenya and the importance of recognising it as an independent right, despite its interconnectedness with the aforementioned freedoms. Ensuring this recognition allows citizens to develop their own set of ideals and belief systems without facing coercion to disclose their thoughts, punishment for holding certain thoughts, impermissible alteration of their thoughts, or a lack of an enabling environment to hold and express their thoughts. To establish this, the chapter explores the historical and legal framework of the right to freedom of thought in Kenya and examines its interplay with related constitutional rights such as freedom of expression, belief, religion, and opinion. It addresses contemporary issues, including the impact of technology, surveillance, and cancel culture on freedom of thought. Recommendations are then made on its applicability and how courts and academics can navigate the complexities surrounding its scope, content, and limitations.

This chapter discusses the centrality of deterrence to criminological theory and to policy, and then highlights critical shortcomings in classical deterrence theory. It points to critical problems that these shortcomings create, including incomplete or inaccurate understanding of deterrence and ineffective policy. The chapter then describes the motivation for the book, which is to advance theory and policy, the structure of the book, each of the chapters, and recommendations for sequences of chapters readers can follow to pursue their particular interests.

The journey to a career in academia commences with university studies. Autistic people continue to be under-represented in university enrolments, and even more under-represented in university graduations. In this chapter participants reflect on their university experience, including the transition to university. Topics discussed include interactions with peers, teaching staff, and administration; supports that were, or could have been, provided; and recommendations for improving the university experience for future autistic students.

Four ways of considering partisanship and factionalism dominated the political landscape of the nineteenth-century United States: the residual anti-party views of classical republicans, who were often drawn to a traditional politics of deference involving voluntary allegiance to leaders of a higher class who would advance the “common good”; James Madison’s view that multiple factions, in shifting configurations extending across a large geographic expanse, could prevent majorities from dominating minorities; the stance of those like Andrew Jackson who believed that parties harnessed the power of the people, whose interests would otherwise suffer neglect or worse from elite leaders; and finally, the fear of a polarizing, two-party system expressed by John Adams evolved in the views of a Mugwump like Henry Adams, who held himself apart from partisan corruption without aspiring to restore the elite politics of deference. This chapter explores the presence of these varied approaches to partisanship and factionalism in literary works by Henry Adams, Hugh Henry Brackenridge, James Fenimore Cooper, William Ellery Channing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Albion Tourgée, Sarah Orne Jewett, Mark Twain, and Simon Pokagon.

Despite arriving in smaller numbers than other ethnic groups in the nineteenth century, Chinese immigrants to the United States were the central target of immigration restriction laws. Chinese laborers comprised the first and only demographic group to be denied entry to the United States based on ethnicity. In this chapter, I address the history of the Chinese in America, focusing on key economic issues and laws related to immigration. I then track the widely known literary trope of the “Heathen Chinee” through works of the 1870s and 1880s, highlighting how it directly mediated political and economic issues of the period, while also illustrating its shaping role in English-language writings by early Chinese immigrants Wong Chin Foo and Yan Phou Lee. The tension between these authors’ perspectives, I conclude, anticipates the later emergence of Asian American politics and the contemporary racialization of Asians as America’s “model minority.” Nevertheless, the anomalous circumstances of these two writers meant that they were not representative of most Chinese immigrants of the time.