The influence of two photoperiods (14L:10D and 24L:0D) and four wavelengths of light [white (control), blue (c. 475 ran), yellow (c. 570 nm) and red (c. 650nm)] on development and reproduction of the ladybird, Propylea dissecta (Mulsant), was investigated. The photoperiod of 14L:10D and the white-light wavelength recorded fastest development, maximum survival and reproduction. The developmental and reproductive Performance decreased in the order white > yellow > blue > red. The effect of the wavelength is probably due to the differential predatory response under different coloured arenas.

Dans le cadre d'un programme de sélection de microalgues potentiellement valorisables, l'influence des facteurshéliothermiques sur la croissance de trois espèces de Scenedesmus (S. abundans, S. dimorphus et S. ecornis) a étéétudiée sur des cultures réalisées en milieu fini et en conditions nutritionnelles non limitantes. Pour chacune des troisespèces, les effets de l'intensité lumineuse (de 30 à 560 µmole quanta.m-2.s-1), de la température (de 10 à 35°C) etde la photopériode sur les taux de croissance ont été mesurés puis modélisés. Les résultats obtenus démontrent le caractèremésophile des trois microalgues avec un optimum thermique de 30°C pour S. ecornis et de 35°C pour lesdeux autres espèces. L'existence d'une interaction étroite entre l'intensité lumineuse et la température sur la croissancedes trois microalgues a également été mise en évidence. De même, une influence très nette de la photopériodesur la croissance des trois espèces a été relevée. Dans les conditions optimales de culture, les taux de croissancemaximaux observés sont respectivement de 2,1 d-1 pour S. ecornis, 1,95 d-1 pour S. abundans et 1,5 d-1 pour S. dimorphus.Les effets des facteurs héliothermiques sur la croissance des microalgues étudiées ont pu être restitués demanière satisfaisante par trois modèles mathématiques. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que les trois espèces de Scenedesmussont parfaitement adaptées aux conditions climatiques de la région de Marrakech. Leur culture en masse,à des fins appliquées, pourrait donc être envisageable.

The aim of the present study is to test the extent to which different intensities of continuous additional light affect somatic growth and sexual maturation in Atlantic salmon postsmolts in sea cages. Postsmolts (9 200 individuals) were randomly distributed among four commercial sized sea cages and exposed to either natural light or natural light + continuous additional light of low, medium or high intensity from January to June. In May the high light intensity group had a signiticantly higher mean live body weight than the other groups, and at the end of the experiment in June, all groups differed in mean gutted weight. There was apositive logarithmic regression between level of light intensity exposure during night and mean gutted weight. A small proportion of fish matured sexually (after 1.5 years in seawater) in the natural light group, whereas no maturation was detected in the light groups. These results suggests that to affect growth and proportion or maturation in Atlantic salmon by additional light, there might be different threshold values of light intensity.

The effect of photoperiod on the haemolymph protein profile in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. larvae was investigated at photoperiod treatments of light to dark (L:D) ratios of 13:11 (control), 24:0, 18:6, 12:12, 6:18 and 0:24 hours using fifth instar larvae. The intensity of protein bands in haemolymph extracts from larvae was measured with a densitometer. The intensity was highest in the haemolymph from larvae in the 24:0 (L:D) h photoperiod. Strongly reactive antigens of SP-1 and SP-2 and weakly reactive bands of storage proteins for both male and female larvae were observed in the 24:0 (L:D) h photoperiod.

Les taux spécifiques de croissance et de photosynthèse en relation avec la température et la lumière, ont été déterminés pour Scenedesmus crassus, une algue isolée de la retenue eutrophe El Kansera. Les expériences ont été réalisées dans l'intervalle de température [10-35°C] et pour des intensités lumineuses comprises entre 10 et 800 µE.m-2.s-1, sous une photopériode de 15/9. Les résultats obtenus sont décrits par des fonctions mathématiques. Le taux spécifique de croissance maximal (µmax = 1,72 j-1) correspond à des conditions d'éclairement (Iopt) et de température (Topt) optimales respectivement égales à 312 µE.m-2.s-1 et 28°C. Le taux de photosynthèse optimal (Pmax) et l'intensité seuil de saturation Ik(p) augmentent en fonction de la température. La valeur de Pmax la plus élevée (4,40 mg C. mg Chla-1.h-1) est obtenue à 35°C pour une valeur de Ik(p) de 240 µE.m-2.s-1. Une faible photoinhibition (moins de 5 %) de Pmax a été observée au-delà de 300 µE.m-2.s-1, alors que le taux maximum de croissance présente une nette diminution. L'analyse des résultats obtenus a fait apparaître une bonne corrélation de Pmax avec Ik(p) et µmax.

The photoperiodic regimes [24L, 13L 11D (natural condition), 18L6D, 12L12D, 6L18D and 24D] played a vital role on nucleic acid, protein content of fat body and larval-pupal characters of silkworm, Bombyx mori. Prolonged larval duration with a significant increase in weight of the larvae, silkgland, cocoon, pupa and shell was noted in the larvae exposed to 24L period. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.97, P < 0.01) between larval weight and egg production was noted. The DNA, RNA and protein contents increased at 24L over that of 13L11D group as well as other photicregimes.

The Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss, 1877) (Acrididae, Oedipodinae) survives the dry season under natural conditions as diapausing eggs. Females, reared under short photoperiod (10/24 hr), produced eggs which were mostly diapausing eggs, while those reared under long photoperiod (14/24 hr) laid essentially no diapausing ones (less than 3% of diapausing eggs). In addition, females submitted to a photoperiod of 10/24 hr, the percentage of diapausing eggs decreased with increasing female age.

Atlantic salmon juveniles were subjected to a precocious (day 104 after first feeding) photoperiodic (P) and thermic (T) control. After rearing the fry at 16 °C, constant (16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness, 16 °C) (C) and shortened simulated natural S photoperiod and temperature regimes were used in a factorial experimental design until transfer to seawater. The growth obtained with constant (C) regimes was better than with S regimes. In all cases, we observed very early (day 141, mid-June) a clear segregation of the population into two different subpopulations. Among the conditions, all the differences between the upper and lower modes were growth-dependent. We observed different developmental trends of the gill (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity: the S regime gave a very progressive increase of the enzymatic activity, while we had a rapid decrease after a first phase of increase with a constant photoperiod. The absolute levels of the gill (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity were slightly lower than those observed in one year-old smolts. However, they are quite similar to those of upper-mode fish that have a good salinity tolerance. After transfer to seawater, fish subjected to shortened simulated temperature and photoperiod had the lowest mortality and osmotic disturbance (after 48 hours and 3 weeks). Although the freshwater phase generally lasts more than 15–17 months for this species in a natural environment, we concluded that it is possible to obtain a good salinity tolerance after 7–8 months, with shortened simulated natural photoperiod and temperature regimes, in spite of the absence of a real smoltification; these regimes, however, must be applied during the "dynamic" presmolting phase when the growth is intense.

L'interaction de la lumière et de la température ainsi que l'effet de la photopériode sur la croissance de Chlorella sorokiniana sont étudiés en milieu fini et en conditions nutritives non limitantes. Le taux maximal de croissance (2,7 j-1) est enregistrée à la température de 35°C, sous une intensité de 300 µE.m-2.s-1 et en éclairement continu. L'ensemble des données est repris sous la forme d'un modèle mathématique qui permet d'estimer le taux de croissance de la culture en fonction des conditions environnementales.

The results of preliminary experiments in the development of a hatchery brood stock of whitefish of Lake Geneva, Coregonus shinzi palea Cuv. and Val. (lavaretus), are described. Factors likely to influence the date of spawning and the quality of eggs were studied by reference to the performance of wild spawners from the Lake Geneva. Fish were reared in tanks and the ovulation of females occurred spontaneously at the same spawning time as in wild spawners from the lake. Reared females have produced 30 000 eggs/kg against 45 000 in wild fish. The survival rate of a domestic egg was about 10% less than that of wild females. Since the overripening of the ova was rapid it was necessary to check the ripe females twice a week. The exposure of fish to long days in autumn delayed spawning by two months and permitted the synchronization of hatching under optimal conditions of growth. The ovulations were spread over a period of 3 months when the fish were subjected to long days until spawning. In contrast, termination of the long day regime in December induced a synchronization of the ovulations over just one month.

Some aspects of the biology of Callosobruchus subinnotatus (Pic) were investigated at controlled conditions. Temperature and relative humidity were found to have effect on oviposition, development and longevity of adults. The best condition for oviposition was 30°C, 80% r.h. at which the mean number of eggs laid was 135.8 and the worst condition was 35°C, 50% r.h. at which 61.1 eggs were laid per female. Oviposition lasted very long at 25°C and was too short at 35°C. Relative humidity favoured oviposition at 30 and 35 but not at 25°C. The beetles were found to be positively phototactic as more eggs were laid at 12 hr light and 12 hr dark (105.1 eggs) and continuous light (98.6) than at continuous darkness (43.0).

Duration of development was shorter at 35°C than at other temperatures investigated. The shortest developmental period was at 35°C, 80 % r.h. (23.2 days) while longest was at 25°C, 50 % r.h. (42.6 days). While development was shorter at 35°C, more progenies were produced at 30°C and the rate of increase was better enhanced at 30°C. Adults were heavier when reared at lower temperatures and high humidities than at high temperatures and low humidities. Adults lived longer at lower temperatures and high humidities than at higher temperatures and lower humidities. The females were heavier and lived longer than the males.

Dynamic aspects of an asynchronous cyprinid's ovogenesis, the gudgeon Gobio gobio L., were examined by a histo-morphometrie approach and effects of two factors, temperature and photoperiod, were investigated in respect to the stage of maturation. Four stages of maturity (one protoplasmic or vacuole free oocyte, two vesicle stages, also called in endogenous vitellogenesis and one vitellogenic or in exogenous vitellogenesis) were identified and compared to macroscopic characteristics of maturity (gonadosomatic index and condition coefficients, K and K 1). Growth and relative proportion to the entire ovary of each oocyte stage was measured on the different experimental groups. Relative importanee of temperature and photoperiod were clearly dependent on the gametogenic stage (recrudescence, final maturation and ovulation, and regression). Under constant temperature and photoperiod conditions, a strong vesicle stage oocyte regression was observed; a periode of low temperature or decreasing photoperiod seemed necessary to allow gonad recrudescence to be initiated. An annual cycle contracted into 6 months accelerated gametogenesis and produced off-season spawnings. Contraction of the reproductive cycle did not entail a rduction of oocyte growth or the yolky oocyte proportion. During the spawning period, females ovulated several times with a 15-day interval between successive spawnings. Vesicle and globule stages were induced by increasing temperature or photoperiod, but final maturation and ovulation were primarily dependent on temperature. The regressive stage was caused by a decreasing photoperiod and/or temperature. From a group synchronous distribution of oocytes at the start of recrudescence, the gudgeon's ovary changed to a totally asynchronous distribution at the end of vitellogenesis.

Seasonal activity and environmental and hormonal regulation of development and diapause were studied in three different orders of tropical insects at Barro Colorado Island (9°N), Panama.

The seed bug, Jadera aeola, reproduces in the late dry season coincident with mass production of its food, seeds of Sapindaceae. Newly emerged adults enter diapause. Population density and food, but not photoperiod, appear to be involved in diapause regulation. Juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) stimulates sexual maturation in both sexes.

The fungus beetle, Stenotarsus rotundus, aggregates at the base of a palm tree where it remains in imaginal diapause for up to 10 months. In addition to daylength (Tanaka et al., 1987), humidity plays an important role in regulating diapause termination. Gonad and flight muscle development occur more rapidly at high humidity than at low humidity. Beetles treated with JHA initiate oocyte and flight muscle development but not testis development. 20-hydroxyecdysone has no effect on diapause termination.

Flesh flies (Sarcophagidae), when monitored with a meat-baited trap, show striking seasonal fluctuations in abundance. Yet, we found no evidence for diapause in three fly species reared in the laboratory under a range of photoperiod and temperature conditions.