Intergenerational transmission of mental disorders has been well established, but it is unclear whether exposure to a child's mental disorder increases parents' subsequent risk of mental disorders.

We examined the association of mental disorders in children with their parents' subsequent mental disorders.

In this population-based cohort study, we included all individuals with children born in Finland or Denmark in 1990–2010. Information about mental disorders was acquired from national registers. The follow-up period began when the parent's eldest child was 5 years old (for ICD-10 codes F10–F60) or 1 year old (for codes F70–F98) and ended on 31 December 2019 or when the parent received a mental disorder diagnosis, died, or emigrated from Finland or Denmark. The associations of mental disorders in children with their parents' subsequent mental disorders were examined using Cox proportional hazards models.

The study cohort included 1 651 723 parents. In total, 248 328 women and 250 763 men had at least one child who had been diagnosed with a mental disorder. The risk of a parent receiving a mental disorder diagnosis was higher among those who had a child with a mental disorder compared with those who did not. For both parents, the hazard ratios were greatest in the first 6 months after the child's diagnosis (hazard ratio 2.04–2.54), followed by a subtle decline in the risk (after 2 years, the hazard ratio was 1.33–1.77).

Mental disorders in children are associated with a greater risk of subsequent mental disorders among their parents. Additional support is needed for parents whose children have been recently diagnosed with a mental disorder.

Contemporary data relating to antipsychotic prescribing in UK primary care for patients diagnosed with severe mental illness (SMI) are lacking.

To describe contemporary patterns of antipsychotic prescribing in UK primary care for patients diagnosed with SMI.

Cohort study of patients with an SMI diagnosis (i.e. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, other non-organic psychoses) first recorded in primary care between 2000 and 2017 derived from Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Patients were considered exposed to antipsychotics if prescribed at least one antipsychotic in primary care between 2000 and 2019. We compared characteristics of patients prescribed and not prescribed antipsychotics; calculated annual prevalence rates for antipsychotic prescribing; and computed average daily antipsychotic doses stratified by patient characteristics.

Of 309 378 patients first diagnosed with an SMI in primary care between 2000 and 2017, 212,618 (68.7%) were prescribed an antipsychotic between 2000 and 2019. Antipsychotic prescribing prevalence was 426 (95% CI, 420–433) per 1000 patients in the year 2000, reaching a peak of 550 (547–553) in 2016, decreasing to 470 (468–473) in 2019. The proportion prescribed antipsychotics was higher among patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (81.0%) than with bipolar disorder (64.6%) and other non-organic psychoses (65.7%). Olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and aripiprazole accounted for 78.8% of all antipsychotic prescriptions. Higher mean olanzapine equivalent total daily doses were prescribed to patients with the following characteristics: schizophrenia diagnosis, ethnic minority status, male gender, younger age and greater relative deprivation.

Antipsychotic prescribing is dominated by olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and aripiprazole. We identified potential disparities in both the receipt and prescribed doses of antipsychotics across subgroups. To inform efforts to optimise prescribing and ensure equity of care, further research is needed to understand why certain groups are prescribed higher doses and are more likely to be treated with long-acting injectable antipsychotics compared with others.

Antidepressants’ effects are established in randomised controlled trials (RCTs), but not in the real world.

To investigate real-world comparative effects of antidepressants for depression and compare them with RCTs.

We performed a cohort study based on the QResearch database. We included people with a newly recorded diagnosis of depression, exposed to licensed antidepressants in the UK. We assessed all-cause dropouts (acceptability), dropouts for adverse events (tolerability), occurrence of at least one adverse event (safety), and response and remission on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 (effectiveness) at 2 and 12 months. Logistic regressions were used to compute adjusted-odds ratio (aOR) with 99% CIs, assessing the associations between exposure to each antidepressant against fluoxetine (comparator) and outcomes of interest. We compared estimates from the real world with RCTs using ratio-of-odds ratio (ROR) with 95% CI.

A total of 673 177 depressed people were studied: females 57.1%, mean age 42.8 (s.d. 17.7) years, mean baseline PHQ-9 17.1 (s.d. 5.0) (moderately severe depression). At 2 months, antidepressant acceptability was 61.4%, tolerability 94.4%, safety 54.5%, PHQ-9 decreased to 12.3 (s.d. 6.5). At 12 months, acceptability was 12.3%, tolerability 87.5%, safety 28.8%, PHQ-9 12.9 (s.d. 6.8). In the short and long term, tricyclics, mirtazapine and trazodone were worse than fluoxetine for most outcomes; citalopram had better acceptability than fluoxetine (aOR 0.95; 99% CI 0.92, 0.97), sertraline had lower tolerability (aOR 1.12; 99% CI 1.06, 1.18), and both citalopram and sertraline had lower safety (aOR 1.17 and 1.25, respectively). In the long term, citalopram had better acceptability (aOR 0.78; 99% CI 0.76, 0.81) and effectiveness (aOR 1.12 for both response and remission), but worse tolerability (aOR 1.09; 99% CI 1.06, 1.13) and safety (aOR 1.12; 99% CI 1.08, 1.16). Observational and randomised data were similar for citalopram and sertraline, while there was some difference for drugs less prescribed in the real world.

Antidepressants showed low acceptability, moderate-to-high tolerability and safety, and small-to-moderate effectiveness in the real world. Real-world and RCT estimates showed similar findings only when the analyses were carried out using large datasets; otherwise, the results diverged.

Questions often follow the suicide of someone who presented to general adult psychiatry (GAP) when expressing suicidal thoughts: ‘Why were they not admitted, or managed differently, when they said they were suicidal?’ Answering these questions requires knowledge of the prevalence of suicidal ideation in patients presenting to GAP. Therefore, we determined the general clinical characteristics, including suicidal ideation, of a large sample of patients presenting to a GAP emergency assessment service or referred as non-emergencies to a GAP service.

Suicidal ideation was very common, being present in 76.4% of emergency presentations and 33.4% of non-emergency referrals. It was very weakly associated with suicide, varied between different diagnostic categories, and previous assessment by GAP did not appear to affect it. The suicide rate during the contingent episode of care was estimated as 66 per 100 000 episodes.

This, and other evidence, shows that suicide cannot be predicted with an accuracy that is useful for clinical decision-making. This is not widely appreciated but has serious consequences for patients and healthcare resources.