The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) laid down a general obligation for all States to protect objects of an archaeological and historical nature found at sea, including in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and to cooperate for this purpose, leaving States to determine the means of implementation. This chapter analyses and discusses the jurisdiction over activities that are pertinent to the archaeological and historical objects found in the EEZ. The development of the legal framework to protect these objects under UNCLOS and the 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (CPUCH) is reviewed, together with an interpretation of how these objects are defined under each treaty. The jurisdictional arrangements over activities that may affect the protection of these objects found in the EEZ are then analysed. Special attention is given to the relevant provisions of the CPUCH, which somewhat clarifies the role of the coastal State in protecting underwater cultural heritage in the EEZ. This is followed by a discussion of the legal procedures that could be invoked to settle disputes relating to these objects.

Describes the process of civil commitment. Defines competence to stand trial. Compares the laws regarding the “insanity defense.” Explains how mental health practitioners protect patients’ rights, including the right to treatment and the right to refuse treatment.

This chapter describes the immutable characteristics of capital punishment, which kills people and uses death threats by state actors. Death threats are ordinarily treated as unlawful acts, with threats of impending death treated as psychological torture where a person is helpless to prevent death. The chapter discusses how mock executions and various corporal punishments are already treated as torturous acts, including by laws and legal commentators. After discussing the duty of government officials to protect people, including inmates, from harm, as well as how jurists in multiple jurisdictions have recognized the death row phenomenon (i.e., the suffering associated with prolonged stays on death row), the chapter describes how countries have refused to extradite individuals without assurances that the death penalty will not be sought. The U.N. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment contains a "lawful sanctions" carve-out to the definition of torture, but case law makes clear that lawful sanctions cannot themselves amount to torture. The chapter argues death sentences inflict severe pain and suffering amounting to torture.

In Chapter 8, Brenda Gunn looks to Canada as an example when she provides an analysis of how states have obligations to ensure the protection and promotion of Indigenous peoples’ rights in international investment agreements. Professor Gunn’s chapter begins by discussing some of the rights of Indigenous peoples that are potentially threatened by investment agreements, with a focus on land rights and the right to participate in decision-making on the basis of free, prior and informed consent. She concludes with a discussion of what measures need to be taken in investment agreements to ensure that Indigenous peoples’ rights are properly protected during the negotiation and implementation of investment agreements. This includes reference to the obligations of states and business enterprises to ensure that investment agreements protect Indigenous peoples’ rights while at the same time promoting foreign direct investment.