Sleep is a dynamic process that is influenced by our daily behaviours and in turn impacts our waking choices. It’s important to understand that healthy sleep involves not just the duration but also the timing and architecture of sleep, which can affect disease risks and outcomes. The regulation of sleep is driven by the sleep homeostat, also known as Process S, and the circadian system, known as Process C. Sleep itself consists of Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) and Rapid Eye Movement (REM) stages, each with distinct brain wave patterns and physiological functions. The circadian system, which is governed by sunlight and melatonin, synchronises our body’s clocks and regulates physiological rhythms.

There is variability in individual sleep needs, which are influenced by genetics, and these needs change across the lifespan. Poor-quality sleep is linked to mental health issues, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other pathologies. Common sleep disorders include insomnia and obstructive sleep apnoea, with lifestyle interventions being key treatments.

Good sleep health can be promoted through regular schedules, optimal bedroom environments, and managing lifestyle factors. Education and policy changes are needed to address sleep issues.