The navigational freedoms are unavoidably curtailed to some degree in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) as compared with the traditional high seas freedoms. One of the main reasons for this compromise was to accommodate coastal States’ sovereign rights and jurisdiction in the newly established maritime zone. Nevertheless, the limitation of the navigational freedoms by the coastal State can only be justified if they are made in accordance with the formula of the attribution of rights and freedoms in the EEZ and must be exercised in good faith and by giving due regard to the exercise of these freedoms and rights. It is noteworthy that coastal States have been able to utilise mechanisms developed by competent international organisations to adopt and implement some of these limitations through the rules of reference, particularly regarding the protection and preservation of the marine environment from international shipping. This chapter first identifies the scope of the preserved freedoms of navigation and overflight in the EEZ, then examines how they may have been affected by the exercise of a coastal State’s rights and jurisdiction, before discusses the remedies to address these impacts.

Submarine cables and pipelines laid on the seabed remain the foundation of the global communications network and the offshore energy transportation system that facilitates the increasing globalisation and interconnectedness of the world. The laying of submarine cables and pipelines has been preserved as a freedom to all States in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). This chapter examines the increasing challenges faced by States when exercising this freedom and discusses means to prevent and resolve conflicts. First, a number of coastal States have made excessive claims based on a liberal interpretation of relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, such as the requirement of preauthorization of the survey, laying and repair of submarine cables. Secondly, submarine cables and pipelines are subjected to undue interference and damages, both intentional and incidental by other competing uses of ocean space. The coastal State has an important role to play in maintaining and protecting the freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines.

The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of what we know about young children’s peer conflict in early childhood educational settings and how teachers can support children to develop skills in conflict resolution. This chapter begins with a review of the types of disputes in the early years, how children respond to opposition from other children and a discussion of learning opportunities in the practices of negotiation and compromise. The discussion also shows that teacher intervention is either solicited by children when they are stuck in a repetitive stalemate or instigated by the teacher when disputes escalate. Data extracts illustrate how intervention can be managed productively, where teachers guide children to identify and implement solutions. The analysis shows that intervention is most effective when the teacher monitors and encourages the uptake of solutions proposed by the children themselves. Finally, this chapter outlines implications for practice in early childhood education, in supporting children to resolve disputes.