Introduces bacterial biology in an approachable manner for physical scientists.

Chapter 23 sets Goethe’s Farbenlehre (Theory of Colours) in context. Colour had been the subject of intensive study, both aesthetic and scientific, in the eighteenth century, and the chapter reconstructs the many influences on Goethe and his contemporaries, from the recent discoveries of Herschel and Ritter, to earlier figures, above all Newton, but even Aristotle and Hippocrates. The chapter also presents the central tenets of Goethe’s Farbenlehre, with a particular focus on the theoretical first part, which offers a physiological theory of colours and deals with the physical nature of light.

Colloid fluids are crystalloid electrolyte solutions with a macromolecule added that binds water by its colloid osmotic pressure. As macromolecules escape the plasma only with difficulty, the resulting plasma volume expansion is strong and lasts many hours. The clinically used colloid fluids include albumin, hydroxyethyl starch, gelatin, and dextran.

The plasma volume expansion shows one-compartment kinetics. Marketed iso-oncotic fluids are usually composed so that the infused volume expands the plasma volume by the infused amount. Exceptions include hyperoncotic variants such as 20% albumin.

The main indication for colloid fluid is as second-line treatment of hemorrhage. Because of inherent allergic properties, crystalloid electrolyte fluids should be used when the hemorrhage is small. A changeover to a colloid should be performed only when the crystalloid volume is so large that adverse effects may ensue. The only other clinical indication is that dextran can be prescribed to improve microcirculatory flow.

The body fluid spaces consist of the plasma, the interstitial fluid volume, and the intracellular fluid volume. The sizes of these spaces are tightly controlled by hormonal and neuronal mechanisms, but their size may be of interest to assess by scientific methods, as disturbances often occur in the wake of trauma and surgery.

A key approach is to use a tracer, by which the volume of distribution of an injected substance is measured after full distribution. Useful tracers must solely occupy a specific body fluid space. The volume effect of an infusion fluid can be calculated by applying a tracer method before and after the administration.

Guiding estimates of the sizes of the body volumes can be obtained by bioimpedance measurements and anthropometric equations.

The Hb concentration is a frequently used endogenous tracer of changes in blood volume. Hb is the inverse of the blood water concentration and Hb changes indicate the volume of distribution of an infused water volume. Volume kinetics is based on mathematical modeling of Hb changes over time, which, together with measurements of the urinary excretion, can be used to analyze and simulate the distribution and elimination of infusion fluids over time.

We will cover what is CPET and why we perform these tests.Exercise physiology will be explored with focus on oxygen consumption, the concept of the anaerobic threshold, and the Fick principle.

Human behavioral ecology traditionally examines ultimate questions while “black boxing” physiological mechanisms and modes of inheritance. This chapter addresses how the intersection between human biology and behavioral ecology allows researchers to open these black boxes and how an examination of mechanisms can help to answer ultimate questions. First, the chapter discusses how physiological systems are intertwined with behavioral ones through chemical messengers, such as hormones, which broadcast information throughout the organism and coordinate actions inside the body with those outside the body. Next, the chapter looks inside the “black box of inheritance” to consider how mechanisms of inheritance beyond genes and culture, such as epigenetic inheritance, are relevant for behavioral ecology. The chapter concludes by discussing how studies of biology and behavioral ecology can complement and inform one another, leading to general insights that would be missed if both biology and behavior had not been considered in concert.

The reception of Wagner’s music as physically affecting, sound that manipulates the bodies of listeners, took place within a context of research into human and animal physiology. From reflex mechanisms to sense energies, the physiological response to art brought about new understandings of ‘physiological aesthetics’ in figures from Herbert Spencer to Thomas Huxley and Francis Galton, with a corresponding ‘physiological music theory’ applied by Ernst Mach and Hermann von Helmholtz. This led to various efforts at quantification of ear acuity and the role of the auditory nerve.

In the shadow of decadence, critical evaluation of works like Tristan and Tannhäuser traverse the spectrum from appreciation (‘bliss of the spinal cord’) to anxiousness (‘Wagner increases exhaustion’). Against these claims, Wagner’s numerous writings on sentience (Sinnlichkeit), rooted in Ludwig Feuerbach’s philosophy of perceptual realism, were directed towards topics as diverse as a theory of performance, the role of critics, and animal testing.

Over the last 30 years, child and family scholars and practitioners have increasingly recognized the foundational role of parental emotions in guiding parenting behaviors. This chapter delineates the ways in which parents’ emotional processes (including emotion regulation) are inextricably intertwined with even the quickest and most automatic parenting behaviors. We review the extant literature on parental emotion regulation, including studies of parents’ general emotion dysregulation, use of emotion regulation strategies, and emotion-related physiological processes during parent–child interaction. Throughout this review, we make note of leaps forward as well as remaining gaps in the science. Finally, we propose three major areas for the next phase of research linking parent emotion regulation and parenting behavior: (1) reframing our thinking away from general negative affect or dysregulation models and toward a consideration of specific emotions; (2) increasing attention to regulation of positively valenced emotions like joy, contentment, pride, and awe; and (3) embracing multimethod approaches that incorporate ecologically valid methodology.

This chapter explores Galen’s ideas concerning the digestive-nutritive process. It focuses on his explanation of the motion of nutritive matter from its ingestion as food through its alteration into blood until its complete assimilation to the different body parts. The discussion follows its path inside the body from the mouth to the individual parts and describes the changes it undergoes in its different anatomical ‘stations’ and by what means it moves through these ‘stations’. In so doing it brings to light a fundamental but generally overlooked part of the digestive-nutritive process in Galen, namely physical motions of the parts such as the oesophagus, stomach and intestines. The chapter shows how these motions of contraction and extension actively and ‘mechanically’ move the nutritive matter into and through the body by pulling, pushing and compressing the parts of the body and the matter they hold inside them.

Speech is anatomy made audible. Anatomy influences the possible human phonetic repertoire. Speech is an overlaid function, in the sense that all the “organs of speech” have more basic functions. Speech anatomy is divided into regions: supraglottal, the larynx, and subglottal organs. Subglottal organs are restricted to those that create a pulmonary breath stream for speech. The larynx produces a tone called voice, which is fundamental to speech production. The supraglottal organs comprise primarily the tongue, lips, and velopharyngeal port (soft palate). These vary the possible resonance frequencies, and thus contribute in a fundamental way to the variety of sounds typically generated in speech. The surface of the tongue is divided into regions for the purpose of phonetic classification. Speech production involves many individual muscles; muscles pull but do not push, except in the sense that, if a muscle contracts over its primary dimension, it will bulge on the sides. To produce speech sounds, the tongue often arches in the middle, and it often assumes a position with the tongue tip raised or curled back.

What happens to productive continence after the turn of the twentieth century? The medical profession ceased to mention it as belief in the dangers of sex (and indeed, many of its actual risks) began to wane; but it never quite disappeared from the popular imagination. The Conclusion asks in what further directions the book’s work could be taken and proposes a particular relevance to studies of artistic ethics outside of Decadent literature, for instance, in the work of Henry James and Ezra Pound. It suggests that a similar approach to other texts and discourses can complicate and revitalize our approach to Victorian sexuality.