This chapter describes the book's case study approach, which compares Ethiopia, Ghana, and Kenya. All three countries experienced the regional trend of increased borrowing from China and in international bond markets in the 2000s. However, the countries vary in strategic significance and donor trust, allowing for tests of heterogeneity in the financial statecraft of borrowers. The chapter discusses the data collection process for the case studies, with over 170 elite interviews, mostly with government and donor officials participating in aid negotiations, and how this data is used to trace debt-based financial statecraft in each country. The chapter briefly provides background on each country's political and economic context and previews findings on how their external finance portfolios impacted aid negotiations with traditional donors.

Chapter 7 shows how RIO can facilitate algorithmic case selection. We outline how algorithms can be used to select cases for in-depth analysis and provide two empirical analyses to illustrate how RIO facilitates a deeper understanding of how cases relate to one another within the model space, and how they align with the theoretical motivations for different case selection strategies.

This chapter examines current philanthropic trends in emerging economies, exploring the extent to which philanthropists in these settings are investing in resilience and how they are doing so. Three dimensions are considered: what philanthropists invest in, how they invest, and with whom they invest. The state of emerging economy philanthropy, both pre-COVID and in the wake of the pandemic, is discussed, and frameworks and considerations for understanding resilience in philanthropy are set forth. Resilience is understood as having sufficient stability within a system to protect communities – particularly the most vulnerable – and services from deep shocks. The COVID-19 pandemic has sent deep shockwaves through global and local economies, health-care and education systems, and into personal homes and lives. While the shock was universal, the impact and its long-term implications have been felt and will linger much longer for the most vulnerable countries, communities, and individuals. In emerging economies around the world, the pandemic has set back hard-fought progress in economic development and social equity. This system encompasses not only government, but also civil society, including philanthropy. The chapter presents case studies of philanthropic organisations in Brazil, India, and Saudi Arabia whose investments reflect dimensions of resilience, and makes the case for investing in resilience in emerging economies, discussing both challenges and opportunities for doing so.

For Kuhn, textbook science is both a misleading rational reconstruction and an actual driver of normal science. Ludwik Fleck’s account of how textbooks stabilize scientific collectives illuminates the latter. Auguste Comte’s distinction between the theoretical method of instruction, which presents science ahistorically as a system of rational conclusions, and the historical method of instruction, which presents science as a series of effects, illuminate the former. Current STEM textbooks still employ the theoretical method, which obscures the role of historical accident when theory choice is underdetermined by rules. Kuhn and his mentor James B. Conant, in contrast, promote a case study approach. In our new learner-centered educational paradigm, we will need a new textbook science, one that leaves actual books behind.

This chapter extends beyond the single Australian early childhood centre focus offered by Robert Pratt in Chapter 4 of both previous editions. As co-editor, it has been a pleasure to collate five stories from the field with educators from early childhood education services across Australia. These stories highlight a deepening of pedagogical approaches and consolidation of what it means to be a sustainable early childhood service. The story authors well demonstrate how, over time, the multidimensionality of sustainability can readily be embraced in both meaningful and unique ways in early childhood education settings.

The aim of this chapter is to trace the link between political regimes and the initiation and implementation of BRI projects. The cases in this chapter provide context and detail for the quantitative findings presented in Chapters 5 through 7. The chapter includes five country cases that map the evolving policies toward Chinese foreign investment and construction projects from before 2013 to after, including the United Arab Emirates (closed autocracy), Djibouti (electoral autocracy in which the leader has a secure hold on power), Malaysia (electoral autocracy in which the leader has an insecure hold on power), Indonesia (electoral democracy), and Greece (liberal democracy). Each case represents a strategically important partner to China’s Belt and Road Initiative and includes a focused analysis and comparison of the construction of a port-related development project.

We explore the policy feedback process and describe how state policies have evolved or devolved in the specific issue area of firearm laws and domestic violence. This chapter demonstrates how and when states respond to the need to reform their domestic violence laws and shows how key actors in that process, including legislators and interest groups, affect the content of the policy that is adopted. The chapter includes examples of states whose definition and scope of domestic violence laws vary and contrast them with each other and with federal law. We present six studies of states that differ in their legislative histories on domestic violence laws to identify key factors that can explain this variation; we test these factors in the quantitative analysis presented in Chapter 4.

Case study method is a crucial research tool that works in dialogue with other methodologies to identify the real-world challenges of creative work. Whereas most psychological methodologies isolate variables or measure their relative importance in predicting what is likely to happen across a population, case studies attempt to understand the systemic complexity of specific instances, describing how things can happen in order to consider why. Cases can elaborate on findings from other research, offer caveats to those findings, or raise new research questions. Affect, an important topic that both draws on researchers’ insights and tests their perspectives, exemplifies the data that case work is adept at recognizing and can offer to such a dialogue. This chapter discusses how case research can examine affect and provides examples from research on creative work using the evolving systems and participatory framework approaches. Five guiding questions are provided to help researchers integrate analyses of affect into case studies and situate those findings in relation to other research. These questions address the researcher’s philosophical stance, the possibilities and limits of a given case, the functions of affect within the case, patterns in affective systems, and the potential for both insight and bias.

The basic insight of evidence-based medicine is that randomized studies are more valid in their results than observational studies or case studies or clinical experience, in that order, because of correction for confounding bias. This concept of levels of evidence is the key to understanding EBM.

There is a case to be made for evidence-based medicine (EBM), and there is a case to be made against it. Many of the critiques of EBM are ill-founded, but some important criticisms need attention. The issues and concerns around EBM are discussed.

This chapter deploys model-testing case studies to explore the theoretical mechanisms laid out in Chapter 1. I follow a "typical" or on-lier case selection strategy from the statistical analysis by selecting cases that are similar in as many respects as possible apart from their exposure to a precolonial polity. By pairing oral histories, in-depth interviews, and network analysis of local elite social ties, I trace how the presence of a shared social identity and dense networks shape redistributive preferences in a "typical" case of institutional congruence, while their absence generates more biased forms of redistribution elsewhere. A third case utilizes the example of a precolonial kingdom that collapsed prior to French colonization leading to the out-migration of the kingdom's population. This reinforces the necessity of the theory's mechanism of persistence – durable rural social hierarchies – to carry precolonial legacies into the calculus of local elites today.

This chapter adopts a more granular view to examine three places within the Vasilikos and Maroni region that illustrate the complexities of emergent rural landscapes. Three vignettes center on assemblages of environmental materials, site-level processes, and land use practices, from the copper mines and gypsum outcrops of the Vasilikos Valley to the littoral soils of the Maroni watershed.These landscapes mediated the shifting society-environment interactions taking shape alongside the associated growth of rural networks and the town of Amathus. The chapter presents the methodological integration of survey data, excavated materials, paleoenvironmental data, and geoarchaeological analyses that build a holistic picture of emerging vernacular landscapes and their historically contingent ambiguities and complexities.