Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T22:02:05.647Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Whole grain in turkey nutrition. Part 2: Production results in different feeding systems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 August 2016

J. JANKOWSKI ,
Z. ZDUNCZYK  and
J. JUSKIEWICZ
J. JANKOWSKI
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
Z. ZDUNCZYK
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
J. JUSKIEWICZ*
Affiliation:
Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

This review article discusses the production results of experiments performed on turkeys, where WG, mainly whole wheat (WW), was incorporated into diets with the use of different methods: i) pre-pelleting inclusion of WG, ii) post-pelleting inclusion of WG with dilution of the daily diet, iii) post-pelleting inclusion of whole grain without dilution of the daily diet and iv) free-choice feeding. The latest experiments conducted between 2012 and 2013 on turkeys fed WW indicated that: (1) pre-pelleting inclusion of 20% WW had no effect on the body weight (BW) of turkeys or feed conversion ratio (FCR), (2) moderate (up to 20% on average) dilution of standard turkey diets with WW had no effect on the final BW of birds or muscle yield, and improved feed utilisation, in particular when WW was fed instead of ground or pelleted grain, (3) post-pelleting inclusion of WG in diets supplemented with protein-mineral-vitamin concentrate allowed to increase the amount of WW up to 25 and 30% in the daily ration in feeding periods of 4-8 and 9-12 weeks, respectively. However, in free-choice feeding, WW can result in poorer growth performance of turkeys due to an inadequate total protein intake.

Keywords

whole graingrowth performancefeeding systemturkey
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 72 , Issue 3 , September 2016 , pp. 563 - 572
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AMERAH, A.M., RAVINDRAN, V., LENTLE, R.G. and THOMAS, D.G. (2008) Influence of feed particle size on the performance, energy utilisation, digestive tract development, and digesta parameters of broiler starters fed wheat- and corn-based diets. Poultry Science 87: 2320-2328.Google Scholar
BANFIELD, M.J. and FORBES, J.M. (2001) Effects of whole wheat dilution versus substitution on coccidiosis in broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 86: 89-95.Google Scholar
BENNETT, C.D., CLASSEN, H.L. and RIDDELL, C. (1995) Live performance and health of broiler chickens fed diets diluted with whole or crumbled wheat. Canadian Society of Animal Science 75: 611-614.Google Scholar
BENNETT, C.D., CLASSEN, H.L., SCHWEAN, K. and RIDDELL, C. (2002) Influence of whole barley and grit on live performance and health of turkey toms. Poultry Science 81: 1850-1855.Google Scholar
BENNETT, C.D. and CLASSEN, H.L. (2003) Influence of whole wheat dilution on performance and carcass characteristics of male turkey. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12: 468-475.Google Scholar
CLASSEN, H.L. and BENNETT, C.D. (1996) Whole wheat and high wheat diets for turkey toms. Final Report, British Columbia, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, February 22, Canada, pp. 1-17.Google Scholar
COWAN, P. and MICHIE, W. (1977) Choice feeding of the turkey: use of a high-protein concentrate fed with either whole wheat, barley, oats or maize. Zeitschrift fur Tierphysiologie Tierernahrung und Futtermittelkunde 39: 124-130.Google Scholar
COWAN, P. and MICHIE, W. (1979) Whole wheat feeding systems for the turkey including free-choice. Zeitschrift fur Tierphysiologie Tierernahrung und Futtermittelkunde42: 146-152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DE JONG, I.C., GUNNINK, H. and CHOUSALKAR, K.K. (2014) Wet litter not only induced footpad dermatitis but also reduces overall welfare, technical performance, and carcass yield in broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 23: 51-58.Google Scholar
EMMERSON, D.E., DENBOW, D.M. and HULET, R.M. (1990) Protein and energy self-selection of turkey breeder hens: Reproductive performance. British Poultry Science 31: 555-564 Google Scholar
ERENER, G., OCAK, N., GARPOGLU, A.V., SAHIN, A. and OZTURK, E. (2006) Feeding turkey poults with starter feed whole wheat or maize in free choice feeding system: Its effects on their performance. Asian - Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 19: 86-90.Google Scholar
FANATICO, A.C., BREWER, V.B., OWENS-HANNING, C.M., DONOGHUE, D.J. and DONOGHUE, A.M. (2013) Free-choice feeding of free-range meat chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 22: 750-758.Google Scholar
FERKET, P. (2000) Feeding whole grains to poultry improves gut health. Feedstuffs 72: 12-16.Google Scholar
FORBES, J.M. and COVASA, M. (1995) Application of diet selection by poultry with particular reference to whole cereals. World's Poultry Science Journal 51: 149-165.Google Scholar
FRANCESCH, M. and BRUFAU, J. (2004) Nutritional factors affecting excreta/litter moisture and quality. World's Poultry Science Journal 60: 64-75.Google Scholar
GABRIEL, I., MALLET, S., LECONTE, M., FORT, G. and NACIRI, M. (2003a) Effects of whole wheat feeding on the development of coccidial infection in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 82: 1668-1676.Google Scholar
GABRIEL, I., MALLET, S. and LECONTE, M. (2003b) Differences in the digestive tract characteristics of broiler chickens fed on complete pelleted diet or on whole wheat added to pelleted protein concentrate. British Poultry Science 44: 283-290.Google Scholar
GJEVRE, A.G., KALDHUSDAL, M. and ERIKSON, G.S. (2013) Gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome in chickens and turkeys: a review of casual or predisposing factors. Avian Pathology 42: 297-303.Google Scholar
HENUK, Y.L. and DINGLE, J.G. (2002) Practical and economic advantages of choice feeding systems for laying poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 58: 199-208.Google Scholar
JANKOWSKI, J., MIKULSKI, D., ZDUNCZYK, Z., MIKULSKA, M. and JUSKIEWICZ, J. (2012) The effect of diluting diets with ground and pelleted or with whole wheat on the on the performance of growing turkeys. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 21: 735-747.Google Scholar
JANKOWSKI, J., MIKULSKI, D., ZDUNCZYK, Z. and JUSKIEWICZ, J. (2013a) A note on the particle size distribution of intestinal digesta and nutrient digestibility in growing turkeys fed diets with different whole-grain wheat contents. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 22: 364-368.Google Scholar
JANKOWSKI, J., ZDUNCZYK, Z., MIKULSKI, D., PRZYBYLSKA-GORNOWICZ, B., SOSNOWSKA, E. and JUSKIEWICZ, J. (2013b) Effect of whole wheat feeding on gastrointestinal tract development and performance of growing turkeys. Animal Feed Science and Technology 185: 150-159.Google Scholar
JANKOWSKI, J., MIKULSKI, D., ZDUNCZYK, Z., JUSKIEWICZ, J. and LICHTOROWICZ, K. (2014) Gastrointestinal tract response and growth performance of growing turkeys as influenced by the whole wheat content of diets in two feeding programmes. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 23: 253-261.Google Scholar
KALDHUSDAL, M., HETLAND, H. and GJEVRE, A.G. (2012) Non-soluble fibres and narasin reduce spontaneous gizzard erosion and ulceration in broiler chickens. Avian Pathology 41: 227-234.Google Scholar
KONCA, Y., KIRKPINAR, F., MERT, S. and ATAC, C. (2012) Effects of mixed or separate feeding with whole barley or triticale on growth performance, gastrointestinal system, nutrient digestibility and blood constituents in turkeys. Revue De Medecine Veterinaire 163: 522-529.Google Scholar
MAJEWSKA, T. (1996) Whole wheat grain in young slaughter turkey feeding. Acta Academiae Agriculturae Technicae Olstenensis 43 (Suppl. A): 1-64 (In Polish).Google Scholar
MAYNE, R.K., ELSE, R.W. and HOCKING, P.M. (2007) High litter moisture alone is sufficient to cause footpad dermatitis in growing turkeys. British Poultry Science 48: 538-545.Google Scholar
MIKULSKI, D., JANKOWSKI, J., MAJEWSKA, T. and ZDUNCZYK, Z. (2015) Efficacy of free-choice feeding of ground wheat or whole grain wheat and protein concentrate to turkeys. Animal Science Papers and Reports 33: 165-175.Google Scholar
PLAVNIK, I., MACOVSKY, D. and SKLAN, D. (2002) Effect of feeding whole wheat on performance of broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 96: 229-236.Google Scholar
RAVINDRAN, V., WU, Y.B., THOMAS, D.G. and MOREL, P.C.H. (2006) Influence of whole wheat feeding on the development of gastrointestinal tract and performance of broiler chickens. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57: 21-26.Google Scholar
ROSE, S.P., FIELDEN, M., FOOTE, W.R. and GARDIN, P. (1995) Sequential feeding of whole wheat to growing broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 36: 97-111.Google Scholar
SHEPHERD, E.M. and FAIRCHILD, B.D. (2010) Footpad dermatitis in poultry (Invited review) Poultry Science 89: 2043-2051.Google Scholar
SINGH, Y., AMERAH, A.M. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2014a) Whole grain feeding: Methodologies and effects on performance, digestive tract development and nutrient utilisation of poultry. Animal Feed Science and Technology 190: 1-18.Google Scholar
SINGH, Y., RAVINDRAN, V., WESTER, T.J., MOLAN, A.L. and RAVINDRAN, G. (2014b) Influence of prepelleting inclusion of whole corn on performance, nutrient utilisation, digestive tract measurements, and caecal microbiota of young broilers. Poultry Science 93: 3073-3082.Google Scholar
SINGH, Y. and RAVINDRAN, G. (2015) Influence of method wheat inclusion and pellet diameter on performance, nutrient utilisation, digestive tract measurements and carcass characteristics of broilers. Animal Production Science 55: 474-483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SVIHUS, B., JUVIK, E., HETLAND, H. and KROGDAHL, A. (2004) Causes for improvement in nutritive value of broiler chicken diets with whole wheat instead of ground wheat. British Poultry Science 45: 55-60.Google Scholar
TAYLOR, R.D. and JONES, G.P.D. (2001) The effect of whole wheat, ground wheat and dietary enzymes on performance and gastro-intestinal morphology of broilers. Proceedings of Australian Poultry Science Symposium 13: 187-190.Google Scholar
TAYLOR, R.D. and JONES, G.P.D. (2004) The incorporation of whole grain into pelleted broiler chicken diets. II. Gastrointestinal and digesta characteristics. British Poultry Science 45: 237-246.Google Scholar
WU, Y.B. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2004) Influence of whole wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation on the performance, digestive tract measurements and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 116: 129-139.Google Scholar
WU, Y.B., RAVINDRAN, V., THOMAS, D.G., BIRTLES, M.J. and HENDRIKS, W.H. (2004) Influence of method whole wheat inclusion and xylanase supplementation on the performance, apparent metabolisable energy, digestive tract measurements and gut morphology of broiler. British Poultry Science 45: 385-394.Google Scholar
WU, K. and HOCKING, P.M. (2011) Turkeys are equally susceptible to foot pad dermatitis from 1 to 10 weeks of age and foot pad scores were minimized when litter moisture was less than 30%. Poultry Science 90: 1170-1178.Google Scholar
ZULKIFLI, I., IMAN RAHAYU, H.S. ALIMON, A.R. and VIDYADARAN, M.K.andBABJEE, S.A. (2001) Responses of choice-fed red jungle fowl and commercial broiler chickens offered a complete diet, corn and soybean. Asian - Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14: 1758-1762.Google Scholar