Field studies determined the influence of developmental stage on mow-killing of winter wheat and rye. Both crops were clipped at either three or four different growth stages in 1992 and 1993. When mowed at first node, wheat biomass was 4350 and 1970 kg/ha in 1992 and 1993, respectively. At this stage, primary tiller apices were below 10 cm and regrowth was vigorous. Mowing prior to 75% heading consistently yielded more than 1000 kg/ha regrowth 8 wk later. Wheat cut after flowering produced 15 460 and 9160 kg/ha dry matter in 1992 and 1993, respectively, but less than 30 kg/ha total regrowth. At first and second node, rye produced 4440 and 1800 kg/ha biomass in 1992 and 1993. When mowed belore boot, more than 50% of the total rye biomass was due to regrowth. Rye mowed at boot yielded 6940 and 3740 kg/ha in 1992 and 1993 respectively, and regrowth measured 780 and 910 kg/ha 8 wk later. Mowing after flowering resulted in no measurable regrowth. Soil temperature and PAR were affected by mow-kill date and biomass. Biomass at first mowings (first and second node) in both wheat and rye reduced seasonal soil temperatures 3.5 C compared to bare soil temperatures; while biomass at kernal-filling lowered temperatures 6.0 C. Measured 8 wk after mowing, first node mowings absorbed between 55% and 70% PAR, while plants mowed at kernal-filling absorbed less than 5%.

Environmental factors that affect the growth and development of onionweed were evaluated in order to predict its potential range and impact in the U.S. In controlled-environment experiments, onionweed achieved 60 to 100% of its maximum vegetative growth at temperatures ranging from 18/11 to 30/23 C day/night. The greatest biomass was produced at day temperatures of 18 or 24 C and night temperatures of 11 or 17 C. Leaf production and reproductive development were greatest at 18/11 C. Plants eventually flowered also at 18/17, 24/17, and 24/11 C but not in any regime with a 30 C-day or a 23 C-night. Flowering occurred earlier in 16-h photoperiods than in 16-h photoperiods than in 8-h photoperiods. Climatic analyses revealed no U.S. analogs of the principal Australian onionweed sites. Based on its environmental responses and its pattern of distribution as a weed in Australia, onionweed will likely remain confined to the southwestern U.S.

Field studies were conducted in 1993 and 1994 to evaluate broadleaf weed control in corn with the sulfonylurea herbicide CGA-152005, CGA-152005 was applied at 10 to 50 g ai/ha alone and in combination with 2,4-D, dicamba, or atrazine. No corn injury was observed either year. Metolachlor plus CGA-152005 controlled redroot pigweed, velvetleaf, and common cocklebur 95% or more in 1993 and 1994. Common lambsquarters and ivyleaf morningglory control was dependent on CGA-152005 rate, weed size at application, and growing conditions. In 1994, control of velvetleaf and ivyleaf morningglory with CGA-152005 at 10 or 20 g/ha was less when applied as a tank-mix with atrazine and dicamba compared with when it was applied alone, probably due to antagonism caused by the companion herbicide. Generally, corn yield was related to weed control.

Imazethapyr was evaluated PRE and POST in five lettuce types and chicory under Florida field conditions. The relative sensitivity of leafy crop vigor (most sensitive to most tolerant) to imazethapyr PRE, based on 20% inhibition determined using regression analysis, was as follows: Boston > bibb > crisphead > romaine > leaf > escarole > endive. Leafy crop injury increased as the rate of imazethapyr applied POST increased, with all leafy crops responding in a similar manner. Surfactant addition increased imazethapyr phytotoxicity. Imazethapyr PRE treatments at 0.067 kg ai/ha provided greater than 80% control of livid amaranth, common purslane, flatsedge, and common lambsquarters. Imazethapyr POST at 0.067 kg/ha, with surfactant provided control greater than 85% of all weed species. Greater than 85% spiny amaranth control was provided by imazethapyr POST at 0.017 kg/ha. Use of surfactant with imazethapyr did not improve spiny amaranth control over imazethapyr with no surfactant. POST treatments did not decrease leafy crop yield compared with the hand-weeded check. Imazethapyr applied PRE reduced crop yield compared to the POST treatments and the hand-weeded control.

Field experiments conducted in 1991, 1992, and 1993 evaluated Palmer amaranth and devil's-claw control and cotton injury with pyrithiobac applied PPI, PRE, or POST. Pyrithiobac at 36 or 71 g ae/ha applied PPI, PRE, or POST did not injure cotton. Pyrithiobac at 140 g/ha applied PPI or PRE injured cotton 9 to 11% 6 wk after treatment. Cotton recovered and no injury was observed 12 wk after treatment. Pyrithiobac applied PPI and PRE at 71 g/ha controlled Palmer amaranth at least 97% 6 wk after treatment. Palmer amaranth control with pyrithiobac applied POST was more variable and influenced by environmental conditions. Palmer amaranth control with 71 g/ha of pyrithiobac exceeded that with 36 g/ha. Devil's-claw control with pyrithiobac was better with POST applications than PPI or PRE applications. Pyrithiobac applied POST at 140 g/ha controlled devil's-claw 83–97%. These studies indicate that pyrithiobac can effectively control Palmer amaranth and devil's-claw in cotton on the Texas Southern High Plains when applied at appropriate rates and timings.

Ground-based surveys to regularly document the size, shape, and location of weed populations usually are not economically feasible. Digital images of vegetation in semiarid rangeland were obtained from four charge-coupled devices with spectral filters mounted in an airplane. The ability to distinguish yellow starthistle and common St. Johnswort from other rangeland vegetation in images with 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 m spatial resolution was assessed. Detection, positioning, and measurements of size and density of yellow starthistle and common St. Johnswort colonies with densities as low as 30% ground cover were possible at all those resolutions. Images indicated yellow starthistle occupied about one-third of a 180-ha study area. Images taken in June indicated 2 to 10 ha less yellow starthistle ranging from 30 to 100% cover than images taken in July for all resolutions. Images indicated common St. Johnswort occupied less than 4 ha of the 180-ha study area. This procedure provides a method to establish baseline plant community composition and a way to monitor species population changes and dispersal over time.

In 1992 and 1993, rimsulfuron alone at 17, 35, and 70 g ai/ha, and at 35 g/ha plus metribuzin at 280 g ai/ha, respectively, was evaluated PRE and POST for weed control in potato. Rimsulfuron at 35 g/ha PRE and POST controlled common lambsquarters and giant foxtail and when combined with 280 g/ha metribuzin, controlled common ragweed and jimsonweed. Rimsulfuron and rimsulfuron with metribuzin caused slight to moderate chlorosis in new terminal growth of potato but chlorosis disappeared within 3 wk. Potato height, tuber yields, and tuber quality were not affected by rimsulfuron alone or with metribuzin.

Dry bean cultivars were evaluated for suppression of late-season weed emergence near Scottsbluff, NE in 1993 and 1994. The 12 cultivars differed in plant canopy architecture and the amount of light intercepted. In 1993, the vine growth habit of Pinto ‘D-84354’ provided a more dense canopy and more yellow foxtail suppression than Pinto ‘RS-101’ that had an upright growth habit. Growing season also influenced plant canopy and late season weed emergence. Cooler temperatures in 1993 resulted in a less dense Navy ‘Mayflower’ canopy which provided less redroot pigweed suppression than warmer conditions in 1994 that resulted in a more dense crop canopy. No difference in weed suppression was observed among cultivars for common lambsquarters, common purslane, and hairy nightshade.

Effectiveness of the common soil fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as a biological control for spotted knapweed and its effect on competitive interactions between spotted knapweed and bluebunch wheatgrass were evaluated in a growth chamber study using addition series methods. Total seeding densities ranged from 2000 to 60 000 seeds/m2. Mean bluebunch wheatgrass plant weight was 3.5 times greater than spotted knapweed weight per plant, respectively. Coefficient ratios estimating species interaction showed bluebunch wheatgrass density had a greater influence than spotted knapweed density on both bluebunch wheatgrass and spotted knapweed weights (2.11 and 0.51, respectively) when not under the influence of S. sclerotiorum. Niche differentiation ratios indicated a lack of resource partitioning between species (1.11). S. sclerotiorum reduced spotted knapweed density by 68 to 80% without reducing bluebunch wheatgrass density. Spotted knapweed weight per plant also was reduced by the addition of 5. sclerotiorum (1.4 to 1.2 mg) but there was not a corresponding increase in bluebunch wheatgrass weight. S. sclerotiorum decreased competition between spotted knapweed and bluebunch wheatgrass. This study provides evidence that establishment of bluebunch wheatgrass on spotted knapweed infested rangeland may be improved by combining S. sclerotiorum with high grass seeding rates.

Wild oat populations resistant to triallate have been identified in Alberta. Dose response experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to determine if triallate-resistant wild oat was controlled by other selective wild oat herbicides. Triallate-resistant wild oat populations were effectively controlled by atrazine, ethalfluralin, fenoxaprop-P, flamprop, imazamethabenz, and tralkoxydim. EPTC and cycloate, which are chemically related to triallate, differed in their efficacy on triallate-resistant wild oats. EPTC at the 0.25x field use rate was more efficacious on triallate-resistant than triallate-susceptible wild oat. In contrast, cycloate at the 0.25 to 0.5x field use rate was less efficacious on triallate-resistant than susceptible wild oats. At higher rates, both EPTC and cycloate killed triallate-resistant wild oat populations. Growers have several herbicide choices to selectively control triallate-resistant wild oat in prairie field crops but should plan to rotate herbicides among different chemical families and adopt integrated weed management practices to reduce the risk of these wild oat populations developing resistance to other wild oat herbicides.

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of three organosilicone surfactants (Silwet L-77®, Silwet® 408, and Sylgard® 309) and two blends of organosilicone surfactants with conventional adjuvants (Dyne-Amic® and Kinetic®) on the rainfastness of primisulfuron in velvetleaf. Four conventional adjuvants, Rigo Oil Concentrate, Agri-Dex®, methylated soybean oil, and X-77® were selected for comparison. Primisulfuron at 40 g ai/ha was applied alone or with the organosilicones, blends, or X-77 at 0.25% (v/v); the other adjuvants were tested at 1% (v/v). Simulated rainfall (1.25 cm/0.5 h) was applied at 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 h after treatment. Control ratings were made at 5-d intervals and shoot fresh weights were recorded 20 DAT. The organosilicone surfactants significantly increased the rainfastness of primisulfuron, even when simulated rainfall was applied at 0.25 or 0.5 h after treatment. Rigo Oil Concentrate and Kinetic also increased rainfastness when rainfall was applied 1 h after treatment. Differences among adjuvants were not as apparent when rainfall was applied 2 h after treatment. Regardless of the timing of simulated rainfall after treatment, there were significant differences between treatments and nontreated check; however, control was not acceptable in several instances.

Field studies were conducted at Tifton, GA to quantify phytotoxicity of flumetsulam on peanut as influenced by application rate and timing in a weed free experiment. Flumetsulam PPI at rates up to 0.14 kg ai/ha visibly injured peanut and reduced canopy width, but injury from PPI flumetsulam at 0.07 kg/ha or less was no worse than a standard early postemergence (EPOST) treatment of bentazon (0.6 kg ai/ha) plus paraquat (0.14 kg ai/ha). Flumetsulam EPOST at rates up to 0.07 kg/ha visibly injured peanut and reduced peanut canopy width. Flumetsulam injury at rates of 0.035 kg/ha EPOST was similar to that caused by bentazon plus paraquat. Interactive effects of PPI and EPOST flumetsulam reduced early and mid-season pod and foliage biomass more than either application alone. However, peanut recovered with final yields not affected by flumetsulam, regardless of rate or time of application.

This study was conducted to gain insight into the soil seedbank dynamics of Venice mallow in two irrigated Colorado soils. Venice mallow plants produced an average of 3100 seeds per plant under noncompetitive irrigated conditions. Venice mallow seeds collected from three regions of Colorado and stored at 25 C averaged 95% dormancy and less than 4% nonviable seeds 6 mo after harvesting. Percent nonviable seeds in soil remained relatively constant over 2 yr. Most seeds germinated within the first 3 mo after burial in the first crop production year. Seed dormancy decreased to an average of 40% after 3 mo of burial in cultivated soil at Fruita and Rocky Ford, and thereafter remained relatively constant for 21 mo. Fruita seeds underwent less in situ germination than seeds from Greeley or Rocky Ford. Innate seed dormancy was lower at Fruita (27%) than at Rocky Ford (39%). Enforced dormancy remained constant over a 21-mo period and was similar for both locations (32%). Seeds buried for 2 yr at Fruita underwent greater in situ germination (42%) than at Rocky Ford (27%). At Fruita, the level of enforced dormancy was higher and the level of innate dormancy lower at the 20-cm than the 2-cm depths. Venice mallow seed dormancy likely is due to an impermeable hard seed coat.

Paclobutrazol and flurprimidol were evaluated for suppression of a perennial subspecies of annual bluegrass in a creeping bentgrass green. Three applications of paclobutrazol in the spring (Mar. 17, Apr. 17, and May 17) followed by three applications in the fall (Oct. 2, Nov. 2, and Nov. 30) suppressed the perennial subspecies ≥ 72% at 3 wk after the final treatment. However, suppression was reduced to ≤ 57% by 4 mo after the final fall application. Flurprimidol applied in three spring and three fall applications did not suppress the perennial subspecies as effectively as paclobutrazol. Suppression was ≤ 47% at 3 wk after the final flurprimidol treatment and was only ≤ 20% by mid-March. Neither chemical injured creeping bentgrass greater than 20% in the spring. However, leaf discoloration injury from the initial October application ranged from 26 to 30% for paclobutrazol in 1993 and 21 to 28% for flurprimidol in 1994. When injury occurred in October it was temporary and the creeping bentgrass recovered within 3 to 4 wk. Paclobutrazol and flurprimidol applied in November did not injure creeping bentgrass.