No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
The Migration Patterns of US Female Teachers, 1860–80
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 October 2015
Abstract
Recently, a shared understanding has emerged concerning the migration patterns of US female teachers from 1860 to 1880, but the evidence is scattered in the literature and largely qualitative. This paper provides a unifying understanding of their migration patterns based on the US census. Our quantitative findings generally confirm the shared understanding. First, teachers more often migrated to urban than rural areas; higher wages and other forms of compensation in urban areas appear to be the reason. Second, teachers born in the Northeast migrated the most, and the majority went to the Midwest; the Southern movement was never widespread, even during Reconstruction. Third, teachers born in Massachusetts migrated most commonly among teachers born in the Northeast; the oversupply of teachers in the state seems to have been the influencing factor.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Social Science History Association, 2015
References
Anderson, James D. (1988) The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Beadie, Nancy (2008) “Toward a history of education markets in the United States: An introduction.” Social Science History
32
(1): 47–73.Google Scholar
Bernard, Richard M., and Vinovskis, Maris A. (1977) “The female school teacher in ante-bellum Massachusetts.” Journal of Social History
10
(3): 332–45.Google Scholar
Butchart, Ronald E. (2010) Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning, and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861–1876. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Carter, Susan B. (1986) “Occupational segregation, teachers’ wages, and American economic growth.” Journal of Economic History
46
(2): 373–83.Google Scholar
Carter, Susan B., and Savoca, Elizabeth (1992) “The ‘teaching procession’? Another look at teacher tenure, 1845–1925.” Explorations in Economic History
29
(4): 401–16.Google Scholar
Coffman, Lotus D. (1911) The Social Composition of the Teaching Population. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Daniels, Roger (2002) Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life. 2nd ed.
New York: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
Drake, Richard B. (1957) “The American missionary association and the southern negro, 1861–1888.” PhD diss., Emory University.Google Scholar
Hirschman, Charles (2005) “Immigration and the American century.” Demography
42
(4): 595–620.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Nancy (2003) Women's “True” Profession: Voices from the History of Teaching. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.Google Scholar
Jeynes, William H. (2007) American Educational History: School, Society, and the Common Good. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Jones, Jacqueline (1980) Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks, 1865–1873. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Polly W. (1984) Women Teachers on the Frontier. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Lindert, Peter H. (2004) Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth since the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Victoria-María (1999) “The paradox of bureaucratization: New views on progressive era teachers and the development of a women's profession.” History of Education Quarterly
39
(4): 427–53.Google Scholar
Margo, Robert A. (1990) Race and Schooling in the South, 1880–1950: An Economic History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Morris, Julie A., and Gardner, Martin J. (1988) “Statistics in medicine: Calculating confidence intervals for relative risks (odds ratios) and standardised ratios and rates.” British Medical Journal
296
(6632): 1313–16.Google Scholar
Morris, Robert C. (2010) Reading, ‘Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861–1870. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Perlmann, Joel, and Margo, Robert A. (2001) Women's Work? American Schoolteachers 1650–1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Prentice, Alison, and Theobald, Marjorie R. (1991) “The historiography of women teachers: A retrospect,” in Prentice, Alison and Theobald, Marjorie R. (eds.) Women Who Taught. Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 3–33.Google Scholar
Sohn, Kitae (2012) “The social class origins of US teachers, 1860–1920.” Journal of Social History
45
(4): 908–35.Google Scholar
Sohn, Kitae (2013) “The living arrangements of US teachers, 1860–1910.” Historical Social Research
38
(1): 339–65.Google Scholar
Sohn, Kitae (forthcoming) “The gender gap in earnings among teachers: The case of Iowa in 1915.” Feminist Economics, doi: 10.1080/13545701.2014.936481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swint, Henry L. (1967) The Northern Teacher in the South, 1862–1870. New York: Octagon Books.Google Scholar
Thernstrom, Stephan (1973) The Other Bostonian: Poverty and Progress in the American Metropolis, 1880–1970. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Tyack, David (1974) The One Best System: A History of American Urban Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Vinovskis, Maris A. (1972) “Trends in Massachusetts education, 1826–1860.” History of Education Quarterly
12
(4): 501–29.Google Scholar
Vinovskis, Maris A. (1988) “Have we underestimated the extent of antebellum high school attendance?” History of Education Quarterly
28
(4): 551–67.Google Scholar
Weiler, Kathleen (1998) Country Schoolwomen: Teaching in Rural California, 1850–1950. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, Frank W. (1930) “The evolution of the normal schools.” Elementary School Journal
30
(5): 363–71.Google Scholar