This is the third in a series of manuals designed to facilitate the recognition of the Geometridae of Canada. In the introductory section key characters are given for the identification of Geometridae in adult, larval, and pupal stages. A generalized description of each stage is followed by a key to the subfamilies of the Geometridae and a synopsis of the characters of the Ennominae. Keys to the five parts of the Ennominae (sometimes broken down into tribes) as they are to be treated in this series of manuals are supplemented by text descriptions, line drawings, and colour photographs. The distribution of many of the 45 species is shown on 29 maps. These maps and the studies of the writer suggest the potential value of collecting along some of the major Canadian waterways, such as the Saskatchewan River. This along with collecting in the short-grass prairie and its stream beds in Alberta and Saskatchewan and faunal investigations in the northern end of the Appalachian Mountains in Quebec and New Brunswick should add much to our distribution records.On the basis of adult, larval, and pupal characters a phylogenetic chart of the boarmid group has been constructed.

Data on diversity are fundamental to our understanding of both natural and disturbed ecosystems. Yet, despite their real and potential importance, knowledge of the diversity of non-pterygote soil arthropods in Canada still is very incomplete. This is illustrated with information on diversity from nine non-pterygote arthropod taxa: Tardigrada, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla, Pauropoda, Protura, Collembola, Pseudoscorpionida, and Oribatida, and faunal lists are given for six of these taxa. Although valuable family and generic keys have been published recently, few monographic works or user-friendly keys to species are available. Autecological information essential to explaining the functional role of soil arthropods remains inadequate. Fortunately, the needs of other disciplines and issues are causing a change. For example, current ecological research recognizes that the roles of soil arthropods in decomposition, nutrient cycling, and soil formation are more complex than previously supposed, palaeoecologists require new or corroborating data to interpret their fossil assemblages, and issues such as agroecosystem management, environmental indicators, and global change require a more thorough knowledge of soil communities. Researchers in these areas face poor data on diversity based on inadequate systematics, which limit their understanding of the composition and organisation of soil arthropod communities. This inadequacy presents both a challenge and an opportunity to soil arthropod systematists and ecologists.

A revision of the hydrophilid genus Hydrochara Berth. (Coleoptera) is presented including a historical review, a discussion of diagnostic characters and techniques, and a discussion of the phylogeny and zoogeography of this genus.Twenty-one species are recognized. Six species are described as new. H. grandis (Zimm.) is listed as species dubia. H. scrobiculata (Panzer, 1799), H. substriata (Sturm, 1843), H. intermedia (Mulsant, 1844), H. subaenea (Motschulsky, 1845), H. smaragdina (Bach, 1856), H. costata (Lüderwaldt, 1897), H. flaviventris (Ochs, 1923), and H. carinata (Jander, 1927) are placed in synonymy with H. caraboides (Linné, 1758); H. roubali (Vávra, 1923) with H. flavipes (Stev.); H. uniformis (Fairmaire, 1869) with H. elliptica (Fabricius, 1801).Neotype is designated for H. obtusata (Say). Lectotypes are designated for H. dichroma (Fairm.), H. sarta (Sem.), H. libera (Sharp), H. semenovi (Zaits.), H. profanifuga (Sem.), H. affinis (Sharp), H. uniformis (Fairm.), H. fulvofemorata (Fairm.), and H. glauca (LeC.).Key to species is provided, each species is described and illustrated, and all available bionomic and distributional data are presented; distributional records are mapped.

The genus Symmorphus Wesmael is distributed throughout the Oriental, Palearctic, and Nearctic regions, as well as the northernmost Neotropical region, and appears to occupy a relatively isolated phylogenetic position within the Eumeninae. Females of Symmorphus, for those species in which nesting behavior is known, mass-provision cells in pre-existing cavities with chrysomelid, curculionid, or microlepidopterous larvae.Thirty-six species are recognized, including three new species and two new subspecies. Keys are provided for the identification of adult specimens, all species are described, and their geographical distributions mapped.Two subgenera, S. (Parasymmorphus) Cumming and Vecht and S. (Symmorphus) Wesmael, are recognized. Symmorphus (Parasymmorphus) includes S. parvilineatus (Cameron), S. momunganensis (Schulthess), and S. negrosensis Cumming and Vecht. Within S. (Symmorphus) three informal species groups are recognized, with the following included species and subspecies: (1) S. hoozanensis group — S. hoozanensis (Schulthess), S. alkimus alkimus Cumming and Vecht, S. alkimus dialeukus ssp.nov. (type-locality Sibolangit, N. Sumatra), S. ambotretus sp.nov. (type-locality Mt. Omei, Sichuan Province, China), and S. canlaonicus sp.nov. (type-locality Mt. Canlaon, Negros Oriental, Philippines); (2) S. declivis group — S. declivis Harttig; (3) S. murarius group — S. murarius (Linnaeus), S. foveolatus Gussakovskij, S. glasunowi Morawitz, S. sichuanensis Lee, S. crassicornis (Panzer), S. captivus (Smith), S. angustatus (Zetterstedt), S. albomarginatus albomarginatus (Saussure), S. albomarginatus midas ssp.nov. (type-locality Bentsen Rio Grande Valley State Park, Texas, USA), S. decens (Kostylev), S. violaceipennis Soika, S. mizuhonis Tsuneki, S. bifasciatus (Linnaeus), S. debilitatus (Saussure), S. cliens Soika, S. connexus (Curtis), S. lucens (Kostylev), S. sublaevis (Kostylev), S. canadensis (Saussure), S. projectus Bohart, S. tukvarensis (Meade-Waldo), S. nipteroides sp.nov. (type-locality N. Yourdou, India), S. fuscipes (Herrich-Schaeffer), S. apiciornatus (Cameron), S. aurantiopictus Soika, S. allobrogus (Saussure), S. cristatus (Saussure), S. gracilis (Brullé), and S. paralleliventris Soika.The following new synonymy is proposed: S. calciatii (Zavattari) = S. glasunowi Morawitz; S. nursei (Bingham), S. hospes (Nurse), and S. hospitans (Dalla Torre) = S. crassicornis (Panzer); S. hakutozanus Tsuneki and S. nansetsurei Tsuneki = S. angustatus (Zetterstedt); S. walshianus (Saussure) and S. meridionalis Viereck = S. albomarginatus albomarginatus (Saussure); S. kurentzovi Kurzenko, S. iiyamai Tsuneki, S. shiroyamai Tsuneki, S. piceanus Tsuneki, and S. sassai Tsuneki = S. mizuhonis Tsuneki; S. sinuatus (Fabricius), S. sinuatus mutinensis (Baldini), S. sparsus Morawitz, S. sinuatissimus Richards, S. mutinensis auster Soika, and S. mutinensis yezoanus Tsuneki = S. bifasciatus (Linnaeus); S. ishikawai Soika = S. lucens (Kostylev); S. seoulensis Tsuneki = S. apiciornatus (Cameron); S. pumilus (Saussure) and S. trisulcatus Cameron = S. cristatus (Saussure); S. elegans libanicus Soika = S. gracilis (Brullé); and S. allobrogus (Saussure) is removed from synonymy with S. bifasciatus (Linnaeus). Odynerus latipennis Smith and Odynerus cilicius Cameron, previously considered to belong within Symmorphus, are excluded from the genus, and S. sounkionis Tsuneki is transferred as Ancistrocerus sounkionis (Tsuneki) comb.nov. Neotypes are designated for S. crassicornis (Panzer) and S. fuscipes (Herrich-Schaeffer), and lectotypes are designated for S. foveolatus Gussakovskij, S. glasunowi Morawitz, S. nursei (Bingham), S. laeviventris (Thomson), S. albomarginatus (Saussure), S. decens (Kostylev), S. sinuatus (Fabricius), S. sinuatus mutinensis (Baldini), S. debilitatus (Saussure), S. lucens (Kostylev), S. sublaevis (Kostylev), S. debilis (Saussure), S. apiciornatus (Cameron), S. philadelphiae (Saussure), and S. elegans (Wesmael).A cladistic analysis of Symmorphus, based on 26 characters, is presented, including a discussion of the relationships of the genus to the remainder of the Eumeninae. Hypotheses outlining the historical zoogeography of Symmorphus are presented in light of current paleogeographic and paleoclimatic reconstructions, by comparing these cladistic relationships with the chorological patterns observed within the genus and other Vespidae.

The systematics of Acalymma sensu stricto of North America including Mexico are revised. Acalymma sensu stricto is defined and distinguished from the other species groups of Acalymma. Sixteen species are discussed including four new species: A. blomorum, A. palomarense, A. invenustum, and A. luridifrons all from Mexico. Three new subspecies of A. blandulum (LeConte) are described: blandulum (LeConte) new status, nigriventre, and yucatanense. Acalymma coruscum costaricense Bechyné is placed as a synonym of A. innubum (Fabricius). Keys are presented to all species and subspecies. Habitus and male genitalia drawings are given for all species and distribution maps are given where appropriate.

A new isolate of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal (Hyphomycetes) (CG 423) found in Northeast Brazil infecting Schistocerca pallens (Thunberg) was identified using arbitrarily primed PCR. Cluster analysis of DNA markers revealed a high level of homogeneity (>83% similarity) among the Brazilian (CG 423) and two other M. flavoviride isolates from Nigeria (CG 366 = IMI 330189) and Australia (CG 291). However, M. flavoviride isolates were very distinct when compared with two isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (6.4% similarity). Bioassays showed that strain CG 423 is as virulent as other isolates of M. flavoviride (CG 291, CG 366), M. anisopliae (CG 087), and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (CG 425) against the grasshopper Rhammatocerus schistocercoides (Rehn) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), an important pest in Central Brazil. However, the Brazilian isolate of M. flavoviride (CG 423) is more virulent than the Brazilian isolate of B. bassiana (CG 250). Because conidia used in bioassays were formulated in soybean oil containing 5% kerosene, the effect of the kerosene present in the oil formulation was tested. Kerosene (0–10%) did not affect the virulence (P > 0.3) of M. flavoviride against R. schistocercoides. The native isolate of M. flavoviride (CG 423) is now being developed as a mycoinsecticide against grasshoppers in Brazil.

Presented, with notes, are 124 plates of SEM illustrations of noctuid eggs representing 14 subfamilies of the Noctuidae: one species of Agaristinae, four species of Pantheinae, six species of Acronictinae, 34 species of Noctuinae, 26 species of Hadeninae, 10 species of Cuculliinae, 14 species of Amphipyrinae, three species of Acontiinae, two species of Euteliinae, two species of Plusiinae, 11 species of Catocalinae, one species of Hypeninae, one species of Rivulinae, and nine species of Herminiinae.

Springs are especially useful for examining questions related to life history because they are widespread, and because they include not only the most predictable of freshwater habitats but also the most adverse (hot springs). Permanent springs tend to be stable environments, particularly in terms of temperature, discharge, and substrate. Extreme habitats such as hot springs can be ideal for studying biotic responses to environmental features because they vary little in certain factors and so do not conceal the mechanisms at work. This paper reviews the known life history and associated community traits of spring arthropods in terms of broad categories of selection forces thought to be acting in these habitats, and also examines the biotic consequences of stable environmental temperature. The data, although limited, show most support for the deterministic view of life history evolution in that traits of cold and hot permanent spring faunas tend to conform to those of K- and A-selected species, respectively. Nonconformities exist however, and data are totally lacking for springs that flow intermittently. A model continuum of spring types from the stable to the unstable and from the benign to the adverse is proposed which predicts the biological properties of communities living in little-studied spring types. The stable and/or adverse temperature regimens of springs are thought to impinge on many aspects of the biology of their faunas but most relationships (e.g. physiological, phenological) are based on data that are correlative, circumstantial, or laboratory based. Manipulative field tests are advocated to establish definite causative links. Wide scope exists for further research on the life history and community traits of spring arthropods.

Springs, or points of natural, concentrated groundwater discharge, may be located in river or lake beds, or below mean sea level along the coast, but many are found some distance from surface-water bodies. Spring water commonly represents rain or snow-melt that has entered the ground at a higher elevation a number of years earlier.Measured springwater temperatures in Canada range from very cold (−2.9 °C) to hot (82.2 °C). Thermal spring waters, with temperatures above the local mean-annual air temperature, have undergone geothermal heating during deep subsurface circulation in areas of high topographic relief. Hot springs (>37 °C) are therefore found only in mountainous areas, in Alberta, British Columbia, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories. Spring locations are commonly controlled by major folding or faulting, or both, in the bedrock strata.Reported pH values in Canadian spring waters range from strongly acidic to alkaline (2.8 to >10.0). Low pH values (<4.0) are associated with high contents of dissolved Fe (up to 2600 mg·L−1) and other heavy metals (e.g. Zn up to 177 mg·L−1), resulting from the oxidation of metal sulfides. Measured redox potentials (Eh) range from −252 to +683 mV. Negative Eh values are found in spring waters that contain dissolved H2S and S2−, produced by bacterial reduction of dissolved sulfate.Total-dissolved-solids contents of Canadian spring waters are reported to range from as little as 32 to over 75 000 mg·L−1. Chemical composition also varies widely. Major anions include bicarbonate (up to 5960 mg·L−1), sulfate (up to 17 520 mg·L−1), and chloride (up to 44 300 mg·L−1). Major cations include calcium (up to 1823 mg·L−1), magnesium (up to 1190 mg·L−1), sodium (up to 27 100 mg·L−1, and potassium (up to 1568 mg·L−1). The chemical composition of each spring water reflects the mineral composition of the rock types with which the water has been in contact, as well as its subsurface residence time. In simplified terms, Ca–Mg/HCO3 waters come from carbonate rock (limestone, dolomite), Ca/SO4 waters from gypsum or anhydrite, and Na/Cl waters from salt beds.Springwater temperature and composition can both show gradual (seasonal) and sudden (incidental) variations. In springs that show seasonal variations, maximum temperature and mineralization occur near the end of winter; minimum values commonly occur during snowmelt. Sudden variations in temperature, mineralization, and discharge rate can occur during periods of heavy rain, if cold, non-mineralized rainwater enters spring conduits. Earthquakes may cause sudden changes in discharge rates and suspended-solids contents, without affecting water temperature or chemical composition.Information on Canadian spring locations, and on their physical and chemical character, is still spotty. As detailed knowledge about springs can be useful in both ecological and water-supply studies, an effort should be made to expand and refine the existing database.

The supercontinent of Pangaea, which once included most lands, fragmented during the Mesozoic. By the Late Cretaceous there were two northern land masses that were strikingly different from those of present day: Asiamerica consisting of present western North America and Asia; and Euramerica comprising Europe and eastern North America. Mild climates facilitated the spread of terrestrial organisms within each of these land masses, but epicontinental seas hindered movements between Europe and Asia and between eastern and western North America.The insects of Euramerica presumably once formed a fauna extending from eastern North America to Europe that differed from the fauna of Asiamerica. The opening of the North Atlantic separated insects in Europe from those in eastern North America. This produced vicarious patterns, with some insects of eastern North America now being more closely related phylogenetically to those of Europe than to those of western North America. Most groups of insects have not been examined for such trans-Atlantic vicariances, but studies reviewed in this paper suggest such relationships for some groups of Collembola, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera.The last suitable land connections between Europe and eastern North America were severed approximately 20–35 million years ago. The insects separated by this severance evolved at different rates. Some groups split in this way have apparently undergone little evolution and have the same species on both sides of the North Atlantic, but other vicarious groups have differentiated into taxa that are now distinct at specific and supra-specific levels.The opening of the North Atlantic probably split both tropical- and temperate-adapted insects in Euramerica. However, without fossil data it is difficult to identify the biogeographical patterns resulting from such splitting of the tropical-adapted groups. Most presently recognized European and eastern North American vicarious patterns of insects were probably caused by division of Euramerica rather than dispersal across Beringia.

A taxonomic revision, including descriptions, diagnoses, and bibliographies, is given of the genera and species of the family Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) so far collected in Canada. In addition, extensive material from the U.S.A. and a number of specimens from Europe have been examined. Five new species and two new subspecies are described. Notes on the biology of the species have been collated from rearing records, label data, and the relevant literature. With one exception all existing types have been examined and, in addition, a number of types designated.A major feature of this work is a study of the genitalia of the moths — never before undertaken extensively on the North American Nepticulidae. These structures give valuable diagnostic features and are of fundamental importance in the provision of modern descriptions and keys. As genitalia characters are thought to be the best taxonomic indicators of relationships between species in the Nepticulidae, the species-groups proposed have been mainly defined on these structures.The confusion over the nomenclature of the family name is discussed. Taxonomic histories of the genera are given and one generic synonymy is made.Taxonomic problems are discussed in relation to distribution and food-plant choice. The host-plant associations of the family are reviewed, with reference to the mining habits of the larvae. A priori use of host-plant data in the taxonomy of the Nepticulidae is found to be limited. However, the proposed species-groups illustrate a general conclusion that related species tend to feed on plants that are themselves taxonomically related.

The classification of the nine world species of Pytho Latreille is reviewed by study of adult, larval, and pupal stages. Keys are provided for separation of species in these three life stages. Taxonomic changes (senior synonym in brackets) include synonymy of P. fallax Seidlitz 1916 [= P. niger Kirby 1837]; P. americanus Kirby 1837 [= P. planus (Olivier 1795)]; P. deplanatus Mannerheim 1843 is transferred from a junior subjective synonym of P. depressus (Linnaeus 1767) to a junior subjective synonym of P. planus (Olivier 1795). Lectotype designations are provided for the following: P. seidlitzi Blair 1925; P. nivalis Lewis 1888; P. niger Kirby 1837; P. fallax Seidlitz 1916; P. abieticola J. Sahlberg 1875; and P. americanus Kirby 1837. Eight larval stage, and 12 adult stage characters were selected for cladistic analysis. Lacking out-group material, pupal characters were not analysed. Character states were polarized using a generalized out-group composed of the three other genera of Pythinae (all monobasic). Phylogenetic analysis based on these 18 characters suggests four monophyletic species-groups: P. seidlitzi group (P. seidlitzi Blair — North America); P. kolwensis group (P. strictus LeConte – North America, P. kolwensis C. Sahlberg —Fennoscandia and the U.S.S.R., P. nivalis Lewis — Japan); P. niger group (P. niger Kirby — North America, P. abieticola J. Sahlberg — Europe, P. jezoensis Kôno — Japan); P. depressus group [P. planus (Olivier, 1795) — North America, P. depressus (Linnaeus, 1767) — Europe and the U.S.S.R.]. Larval stage synapomorphies are relatively more important in defining the species-groups than are those of the adult stage. The ancestor of Pythidae may have been associated with Coniferae as early as the Jurassic. The common ancestor of Northern Hemisphere Pythinae became isolated upon Laurasia once separation from Gondwanaland occurred near the end of the Jurassic. Two of the species-groups have similar disjunctions in North America, Europe, and Japan. The relatively eastern distributions of the North American member of each suggests that the ancestor of each species-group was Euramerican, and underwent vicariance with the opening of the North Atlantic in the Middle Cretaceous. The present distribution of both species-groups is thought to have been caused by the same vicariant event. The ancestor of the P. depressus group, which is presently circumboreal, was probably widespread and could have been Asiamerican in distribution. In the middle to late Tertiary, evidence suggests that Beringia was covered with coniferous forest, and the ancestor of the P. depressus group probably extended across this land bridge. Final separation between any North American and European/Asian species occurred in the Late Miocene or Pliocene, when a cooling climate made possible the evolution of treeless tundra in the north.

A survey of the literature has revealed that the Chironomidae are one of the most abundant and diverse groups of insects present in Canadian peatlands and marshes. A total of 104 named species of Chironomidae has been recorded from Canadian bogs, fens, and marshes. At least 207 species are present if all unnamed species are included in the total. However, until more information is available about the distribution of chironomid species, particularly those from fens, it is not possible to determine if any species (other than Metriocnemus knabi Coq.) are restricted to these habitats. Although several studies have been conducted in marshes and bog pools, the saturated peat habitats of fens and bogs have been little studied.

Most information on chironomids within peatlands and marshes is based on emergence trapping of adults, and there have been few attempts to study the ecologically important immature stages. Several aspects of chironomid ecology pertinent to peatlands and marshes are presented, based primarily on information gathered from other shallow-water habitats. The ecological and economic importance of chironomids within these habitats remains largely unknown. Most effort to date has been expended on faunal surveys, and any attempt to study chironomid ecology within peatlands and marshes would add greatly to existing knowledge.

A phylogeny is proposed for the 30 species groups in the 13 genera here included in the family Pionidae. The phylogeny is based upon a detailed analysis of available morphological data for larval and adult stages according to the methodology advocated by Hennig. This methodology is outlined and discussed. The proposed phylogeny provides the basis for a revised classification of the pionids and permits new insight into certain biological manifestations of phylogeny, namely habitat diversification, life history modification, and geographic distribution, in the group.Original descriptions are provided for the larvae of 41 pionid species (20 for the first time) representing 24 species groups in eight genera. Three new species, Wettina ontario n. sp., Forelia pinguipalpis n. sp., and Tiphys cooki n. sp., are described along with the previously undescribed male adult of Pseudofeltria multipora Cook and female adults of Forelia cayuga Habeeb and Forelia onondaga Habeeb. Keys and new diagnoses are presented for pionid genera and species groups. Keys to the larvae and adults, and new distributional data, are included for the pionid species known to occur in Ontario.

The Dolerini consist of two genera (Dolerus Panzer and Prionourgus Goulet). Prionourgus consists of one species. Dolerus is subdivided into one species group and seven subgenera (nitens group, Neodolerus Goulet, Achaetoprion Goulet, Oncodolerus Goulet, Loderus Konow, Dicrodolerus Goulet, Dolerus s. str. Panzer, and Dosytheus Leach), and consists of 72 Nearctic species.Described as new are one genus [Prionourgus (type species: Dolerus salmani Ross)], four subgenera [Neodolerus (type species: Dolerus sericeus Say), Achaetoprion (type species: Dosytheus maculicollis Norton), Dicrodolerus (type species: Dosytheus apricus Norton), and Oncodolerus (type species: Loderus acidus MacGillivray)], 23 species [Dolerus abstrusus (type locality: Moose Factory, Ontario), Dolerus acer (type locality: Merritt Creek, Klamath County, Oregon), Dolerus aeneiceps (type locality: Robson, British Columbia), Dolerus alutaceus (type locality: Seymour, Illinois), Dolerus californicus (type locality: 1 mi. E Emigrant Gap, Placer County, California), Dolerus columbianus (type locality: Robson, British Columbia), Dolerus comatus (type locality: Pullman, Washington), Dolerus crinitus (type locality: Forestville, California), Dolerus decussatus (type locality: Chaffeys Locks, Ontario), Dolerusfaber (type locality, 25.5 mi. W Lakeview, Oregon), Dolerusfalcatus (type locality: Cheltenham, Pennsylvania), Dolerus fulgens (type locality: Huntingdon, Pennsylvania), Dolerus hebes (type locality: Marmora, Ontario), Dolerus incisus (type locality: Reindeer Depot, Northwest Territories), Dolerus inermis (type locality: Moscow, Idaho), Dolerus interior (type locality: Pullman, Washington), Dolerus laevis (type locality: Glacier Point, Yosemite National Park, California), Dolerus maritimus (type locality: Chase Lake, Snohomish County, Washington), Dolerus mimus (type locality: Gatineau Park, Quebec), Dolerus recurvans (type locality: Strawberry, California), Dolerus rossi (type locality: Fredericton, New Brunswick), Dolerus tacoma (type locality: Mount Rainier, Washington), and Dolerus urustus (type locality: Tuscarora, Nevada)], and two subspecies [Dolerus elderi pacificus (type locality: Sumas Prairie, British Columbia) and Dolerus konowi glacialis (type locality: Yakutat, Alaska)]. A new name, Dolerus sayi, is proposed for D. collaris Say, a junior secondary homonym.Treatment of each taxon includes synonymic list, diagnostic combination, descriptions, taxonomic notes, origin of new epithet, host and/or habitat, geographic distribution, and notes on affinities. In addition, under each species there is a discussion of geographical variation. Important character states are illustrated and geographical distribution is mapped for all species. Relationships between species of Dolerini are reconstructed from the analysis of structural characters using principles of cladistic systematics. Finally a classification is proposed for higher taxa of the Dolerini based on the reconstructed phylogeny.

The influence of three formulations, water, oil, and a 5% oil emulsion, and two crops, alfalfa and crested wheatgrass, on the deposition and subsequent persistence of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin conidia in soil was investigated. The alfalfa canopy was considerably denser than that of wheatgrass. Leaf area indices for alfalfa ranged from 1.8 to greater than 2, those for wheatgrass ranged from 0.24 to 0.55. Initial populations of conidia averaged 1.2 × 103 to 2.6 × 104 colony-forming units (cfu) per gram of dry weight of soil under alfalfa, and 5.5 × 103 to 3.4 × 104 cfu per gram of soil under wheatgrass. There was no consistent influence of formulation or application method (high or ultra low volume) on penetration of conidia through the canopy of either crop. However, conidial populations under wheatgrass were larger than those under alfalfa in two of three trials. After 225–272 days (over winter), substantial populations (87 to 4.3 × 104 cfu/g) were recovered from soil. Although conidial densities decreased over time, reductions in population size over this period were generally less than one order of magnitude; neither crop nor formulation consistently influenced conidial persistence. In most instances, a rapid decrease in conidial populations was observed within approximately 20 days but thereafter, the rates of population decline abated. The initial decrease in conidial numbers did not appear to be related to precipitation. This study demonstrates that substantial numbers of B. bassiana conidia infiltrate crop canopies, are deposited on the soil surface, and subsequently persist in a clay–loam soil. The aerial application of B. bassiana conidia to vegetated roadsides may prove useful for the management of ovipositing grasshoppers and emerging nymphs.

This report is a synopsis of the terrestrial arthropod faunas collected from four peatlands in southern Ontario. The peatlands surveyed were the Wylde Lake bog (43°55′N, 80°30′W), Crieff fen (43°25′N, 80°07′W), Oliver bog (43°20′N, 80°16′W), and the Wainfleet bog (42°55′N, 79°17′W). Arthropods were collected in yellow pan traps (aluminum pan traps at Wainfleet) during the period May 1987 to June 1988 (including the period of snow cover from December to March). A total of 33 029 specimens were removed from the pan trap samples and of these 17 173 individuals were assigned to species. Between 603 and 870 species of arthropods were identified from each site. Collections from each site were compared using taxonomic and ecological groupings (based on feeding behaviour and habitat preference) of species. Sorensen's Index of Similarity was used to compare the overlap of species among sites. The Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Araneae were the most species-rich orders collected at each site. More species preferring peatlands were collected at each of the three undisturbed peatlands (Wylde L., Crieff, and Oliver) than at the mined bog, Wainfleet. Species not usually associated with peatlands were more numerous in the Wainfleet collection than in collections from the undisturbed sites. It is concluded that grouping of species by habitat preference is a useful technique for assessing habitat disturbance.