The little known Porina schizospora Vainio is transferred to the genus Strigula as Strigula mediterranea Etayo nom. nov. Strigula mediterranea differs from S. taylorii only in its conidia and its Mediterranean distribution.

Most British collections hitherto identified as Lecidea cinnabarina Sommerf. are shown to belong to either Pertusaria pupillaris (Nyl.) Th. Fr. or to a sterile species tentatively assigned to Schismatomma as S. quercicola Coppins & P. James sp. nov. Notes are also provided on a problematical Pertusaria, resembling P. pupillaris and Lecidea cinnabarina s. str.

Pilophorus fruticosus Li S. Wang & Xin Y. Wang is described from south-west China. It is characterized by the presence of densely dichotomously branched, partly decorticated pseudopodetia, and by having single, spherical apothecia on the apices of the pseudopodetia. The species grows on siliceous rocks in alpine regions of the Yunnan Province. A detailed description and illustrations are provided. The new taxon is compared with other Pilophorus species.

Lecanora herteliana is described from several collections from hard siliceous sandstone, in typically Mediterranean habitats in eastern Spain. The new species has a whitish thallus containing atranorin and norstictic acid. Its apothecia are mostly black, with a thalline exciple, which is finally excluded, and with a well developed true exciple.Lecanora herteliana is most closely related to L. subcoarctata, and it is discussed in relation to this species and other members of the L. marginata group.

37 taxa are discussed, with 34 being new to Madeira. Of these, Gyalectidium filicmum Müll. Arg., Massalongia carnosa (Dickson) Körber, Physaa tnbaaoides Nyl. and Rinodina intermedia Bagl., are first records from Macaronesia. Ecology and distribution of the species are briefly outlined. Our investigation shows that the proportion of both northern temperate and tropical elements in the lichen flora of Madeira is higher than formerly known.

Verrucaria cootapatambensis sp. nov. is described from sandstone boulders in an alpine, snow-melt creek in Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales, Australia.

Arhothelium saxicolum Makhija & Patwardhan sp. nov. is described from India. It occurs abundantly only on basaltic rock and is restricted to the northern parts of Western Ghats, South-West India.

Micarea hypoviolascens sp. nov. (Pilocarpaceae) is described from an ancient woodland in western Scotland. It is the second species within Micarea known to have the olivaceous, K+ deep violet pigment (Sedifolia-grey) in the hypothecium.

Heppia arenacea M. Schultz and Lempholemma polycarpum M. Schultz are described as new and placed in the Lichinaceae. Heppia arenacea occurs in soil-crust communities in southern Yemen and on Socotra. It colonizes both calcareous soil-crusts over limestone as well as soils originating from basaltic rocks. The sand-coloured, squamulose thallus, the erumpent, dark red apothecia and the incorporation of soil material into the thallus are diagnostic characters. Lempholemma polycarpum occurs on inclined limestone boulders in south-eastern Yemen. It is characterized by an umbilicate-lobate thallus with radiating, tongue-shaped, furcate lobes which bear numerous, small, immersed apothecia with punctiform discs.

Three twig-growing lichen species belonging to the family Teloschistaceae from southern Patagonia are described as new to science: Marchantiana pyramus sp. nov., with minute apothecia, orange due to dominant content of emodin, M. ramulicola sp. nov., with minute olive apothecia with dominant parietin and Austroplaca thisbe sp. nov., with clear yellow apothecia also with dominant parietin. Marchantiana subpyracea, M. epibrya and M. queenslandica are new combinations for species which, so far, are known only from New Zealand and Australia. Blastenia circumpolaris is shown to be very common in Patagonia and Marchantiana asserigena is documented for the first time from the Southern Hemisphere, viz. the Falkland Islands. The genus Marchantiana is analyzed here using three genes and is shown to be closely related to Yoshimuria; although appearing as paraphyletic, a monophyletic origin cannot be ruled out. Morphology, ecology and distribution support a monophyletic treatment and Marchantiana is therefore treated as such.

A new species of Collema is described which, like C. callibotrys, has numerous minute globose apothecia in clusters but, unlike that species, has unornamented spores. It is recorded from Tanzania and Uganda.