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Apocalyptic and Other Materials on Early Muslim-Byzantine Wars: A review of Arabic sources

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2009

Suliman Bashear
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Extract

The standard criteria for using apocalypses as historical sources were established by the late Byzantinist, Paul J. Alexander. Examining the process of literary embellishment and adjustment of a few Syriac and Greek apocalypses, he arrived at the conclusion that historical apocalypses are in fact “prophecies ex-eventu”, i.e. having actually already materialised around the time of their circulation. The amount of such material, he argued, may serve as a kind of barometer for measuring the eschatological pressure at a given time in history since apocalypses are written to provide comfort in times of tribulation, particularly during grave military crises.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 1 , Issue 2 , July 1991 , pp. 173 - 207
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 1991

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References

1 Alexander, Paul J., “Medieval apocalypses as historical sources”, AHR 73 (1968), pp. 998–9, 1002, 1008Google Scholar.

2 E.g. Vasiliev, A. A., “Medieval ideas of the end of the world: east and west”, Byzantion 16 (1942–1943), pp. 471–6Google Scholar and the works cited therein; cf. also Brock, S. P., “Syriac views of emergent Islam”; in Juynboll, G. A. H. ed., Studies … (Carbondale, 1982), p. 19Google ScholarPubMed.

3 L. Conrad notes how Steinschneider, Goldziher, Casanova and Abbott, though they used and discussed “historical” apocalypses in their writings, “seem to have found little of historical merit in them”. “Portents of the hour: hadith and history in the first century A.H. ”, typescript, p. 11 and nn. 48–51 (forthcoming in Der Islam).

4 Madelung, W., “Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr and the Mahdi”, JNES 40 (1981), pp. 291–306.Google Scholar; idem “The Sufyanibetween tradition and history”, SI 63 (1986), pp. 4–48Google Scholar; idem, “Apocalyptic prophecies in Hims in the Umayyad age”, JSS 31 (1986), pp. 141–86Google Scholar; Cook, M., “ Eschatology, history and the dating of traditions”, typescriptGoogle Scholar;Conrad, L., art. cit. and letter to me on 9 04 1989Google Scholar.

5 As demonstrated by both L. Conrad, p. 22 and Cook, M., pp. 10–25Google Scholar, concerning the belief that the Byzantine final malḥama would be led by Tiberius, son of Justinian II

6 Madelung, W., “Apocalyptic prophecies…”, art. cit., 180Google Scholar; L. Conrad's letter; and even the usually highly sceptical Cook, M. in a concluding note, art. cit., pp. 33–4Google Scholar, concerning the applicability of Schacht's method for dating traditions in this field.

7 E.g. Conrad and Cook on the issue of the final Byzantine malḥama, noted above; Conrad on a certain Byzantine-Muslim truce referred to in the tradition on the “six portents of the hour”; and a few other related issues brought up in Madelung's review of Ḥimṣī apocalyptic traditions.

8 Noted only briefly by Cook, M., art. cit., nn. 63, 93, 116Google Scholar.

9 Conrad, L., art. cit., 11 nn. 53–6Google Scholar referring to: Nu’aym b. Ḥammād, K. al-Fitan, Ms. British Museum, Or. 9449, fols, 7(b)–8(a), n(a–b); Bukhārī, , Ṣaḥīḥ (Beirut, 1981), 4/68Google Scholar; Ibn Ḥanbal (d. 241 H.), Musnad (Cairo, 1313 H.), 2/174, s/228, 6/22, 25, 27Google Scholar; Ibn, ‘Asākir, Tārākh (Damascus, 1951), 1/222–4Google Scholar.

10 Compare also with Nu‘aym, 138(b); Ibn Abī Shayba (d. 235 H.), Mu$annaf, (Bombay, 1983), 15/104–5Google Scholar; Abū ‘Ubayd (d. 224 H.), Gharīb al-Ḥadīth (Haydarabad, 1967), 2/85–7Google Scholar; Ibn Māja (d. 275 H.), Sunan (Cairo, 1953), 2/134–2, 1371Google Scholar; Ṭabarānī (d. 360 H.), al-Mu’jam al-Kabir (Baghdad, 1984), 18/40–2, 54–5, 64, 66, 79–81Google Scholar; idem, al-Mu’jam al-Awsaṭ (Riyad, 1985), 1/67–8Google Scholar; Ibn Manda (d. 395), Kitāb al-Īmān (Beirut, 1985), 2/914–16Google Scholar; al- Hakim (d. 405 H.), Mustadrak, (Beirut, 1986), 4/419, 422–3, 551–2Google Scholar; Bayhaqī (d. 458 H.), al-Sunan al-Kubrā, (Haydarabad, 1356 H.), 9/223, 10/248Google Scholar; Wāsiṭī, Faḍā’il al-Bayt al-Muqaddas, (Jerusalem, 1979), 52–3Google Scholar; Ibn al- Murajjā, Faḍā’il Bayt al-Maqdis, Ms. Tübingen 27, fol. 17 (a–b); Ḍiyā’ al-Dīn (d. 643 H.), Faḍā’il Bayt al-Maqdis (Beirut, 1985), 70Google Scholar; al-Muttaqī al-Hindī, Kanz al-‘Ummāl, in the margin of Ibn Ḥanbal, 6/11; Ibn Kathīr (d. 774 H.), al-Nihāya (Cairo, 1980), 1/81–4, 86–9Google Scholar; Qurṭubā(d. 671 H.), Tadhkira (Cairo, 1986), 2/312–14Google Scholar, quoting Marj al-Baዤrayn by Abū al-Khaṭṭāb b. Duḥya (d. 633 H.); Suyūṭī (d. 911 H.), al-Durr al-Manthūr, (Cairo, 1314 H.), 6/59Google Scholar; Qasṭalānī, Irshād al-Sārī (Cairo, 1293), 5/286–7Google Scholar, Ibn, Badrān, Tahdhīb Tarīkh Ibn ’Asākir(Damascus, 1329 H.), 1/49–50Google Scholar; Ibn ’Abd al-Hādī (d. 744 H.), Faḍā’il al-Shām (Cairo, 1988), 27–8Google Scholar; al-Albāmī, , Takhrīj Aḥadīth al- Raba’ī (Beirut, 1403 H.), 61–.3Google Scholar; Barazanjī (d. 1103 H.), al-hhā’a li-Ashrāṭ al-Sā’a (Cairo, 1393 H.), 48Google Scholar.

11 Nu‘aym, 7(b)–8(a); Ṭabarānī, M. K. 18/42; Ibn ’Asākir, , 1/222–4Google Scholar; Ibn Ḥanbal, 6/25; Wāsiṭī, , 52–3Google Scholar; Ibn al- Murajjā, I7(a–b); Ibn Kathīr, 1/83. See also Suyūṭī, 6/59; Qurṭubī, 2/321; al-Hādī, Ibn ’Abd, 27–8Google Scholar; Ibn Badrān, 1/49; Albānī, , 61–3Google Scholar; and compare with Ibn Manda, , 2/915–16.Google Scholar

12 Nu‘aym, u(a–b);, Ṭabarānī, 18/40–1, 54–5, 64, 66, 79–81Google Scholar; Ibn ’Asakir, 1/224; Ibn Ḥanbal, 6/22, 27; Bukhārī, 4/68; Abū’Ubayd, , 2/85–7Google Scholar; Ibn Abī Shayba, 15/104; Ibn Māja, 2/1341–.2, 1371; al-Ḥākim, 4/419, 422–3Google Scholar; Bayhaqī, 9/223 (but compare with 10/248); Ḍiyā’ al-Dīn, 70, al-MuttaqT, 6/11; Ibn Kathīr, 1/82, Qasṭalānī. 5/286–.7; Ibn Manda, 2/914; Ibn al-Jawzī (d. 597 H.), Gharīb al-ḤadGharīth, Beirut 1985, 2/171Google Scholar.

13 Nu‘aym, 8(a); Ṭabarānī, , 18/41–2, 54–5Google Scholar; al-Ḥākim, 4/422; but compare with Ibn Manda, , 2/914–15.Google Scholar

14 Ṭabarānī, 18/54–5, 66Google Scholar; Ibn Māja, , 2/1341–2Google Scholar, al-Ḥākim, , 4/419, 422–3Google Scholar; Bayhaqī;, 9/223; Ibn Kathīr, 1/82.

15 Nu‘aym, 8(a); Ibn Abī Shayba, 15/104.

16 Compare: Nu’aym, H7(a) – n8(a); al-Ḥākim, , 4/551–2Google Scholar; Qurṭubā, 2/318 quoting al-Irshād by Ibn Burjān

17 Al-Ḥākim, 4/419; Bayhaqī, 9/223.

18 Shayba, Ibn Abī, 15/104–5Google Scholar; Ibn,Ḥanbal 5/228; Ṭabarānī, 20/122, 173; Daylamī (d. 509 H.), al-Firdaws (Beirut, 1986), 2/237Google Scholar; al-Dīn, Ḍiyā’, 70–1Google Scholar; Ibn Kathīr, , 1/84–7Google Scholar, Haytharmī (d. 807 H.), Majma‘ al-Zawā’id (Cairo and Beirut, 1987)Google Scholar, 7/322; Suyūṭī, , al Durr, op. cit., 6/59Google Scholar;idem, al-Jāmi’ al-Kabīr (Cairo, 1978), 1/542.

19 Ibn Ḥanbal, 2/174, Ibn Kathīr, , 1/81–2Google Scholar; Suyūṭī, Durr 6/59 and J. K. 1/542; Haythamī, , 7/321–2.Google Scholar

20 Nu‘aym, 120(a); 131(a), I34(a–b); cf. also al-Muttaqī, 6/21.

21 Nu‘aym, 130(a–b).

22 Compare: Nu’aym, 120(a); Ibn Abī Shayba, , 5/325–6Google Scholar; Ibn Ḥanbal, , 4/91, 5/371–2, 409Google Scholar; Dawūd, Abū (d. 275 H.), Sunan (Beirut, n.d.)Google Scholar, 4/109–10; Ibn Maja, , 2/1369; Ṭabarānī, 4/235–6Google Scholar; al-Ḥākim, 4/421; Bayhaqī, , 9/223–4Google Scholar; Suyūūī, Durr 6/60 a n d j. K. 1/543 quoting also Ibn Ḥibbān, Baghawī, Bārūdī, Ibn Qāni’ and al-Ḍiyā’; Qurṭubī, , 2/313–14Google Scholar; Ibn Kathīr, 1/86; al-Muttaqī, 6/11; Haythamī, , Mawārid al-Ẓam’ān (Medina n.d.), 463Google Scholar. See also Barazanjī, 99, where a similar notion was introduced without being attributed to Dhū Mikhmar.

23 Nu‘aym, 13(b); Ṭabarānī, 4/236

24 Ṭabarānī, , 4/235–7.Google Scholar

25 Nu‘aym, 140(b).

26 Nu‘aym, 141(a).

27 Ṭabarānī, 8/120 and cf. Haythamī, 7/318–19 for Abū Umāma's tradition. The Ḥudhayfa one is recorded by Qurṭubī, 2/315–17.

28 Nu‘aym, 127(a–b).

29 Nu‘aym, 122(b)–123(a).

30 Nu‘aym, M9(b)–120(a). Note, however, that in fol. 135(0) part of this tradition was attributed through Tubay‘ to Ka’b.

31 Al-Ḥ;ākim, 4/463.

32 Nu‘aym, I36(b).

33 Nu‘aym, 115(b) – 117( a ).See also al-Ḥaā’irī, ,Ilzām al-Nāṣib (Beirut, 1984), 282Google Scholar. More on the malhama of the ‘Amq, below. For its identification as “ a district near Dābiq, between Ḥalab and Anṭākya” see Yāqūt (d. 626 H.), Mu’jam al-Buldān (Beirut, 1955), 1/222Google Scholar.

34 Nu‘aym, 141(b)–142(a).

35 Al-Khalīl b. Aḥmad al-Farāhīdī (d. 175 H.), Kitāb al-’Ayn (Baghdad, 1981), 3/245Google Scholar; Ibn Durayd (d. 321 H.), Jamhara (Haydarabad, 1345 H.), 2/190Google Scholar; Azharī, (d. 370 H.), Tahdhī (Cairo, 1964–1967), 5/104Google Scholar; Fāris, Ibn(d. 395 H.), Mu’jam, (Cairo, 1369 H.), 5/238Google Scholar; Sīda, Ibn (d. 458 H.), al-Muḥkam (Cairo, 1958), 3/283Google Scholar; Jawharī, , Tāj (Cairo, 1282 H.), 2/332Google Scholar; Fayrūzabādī, , al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīt (Cairo, 1935), 4/174Google Scholar.

36 Wansbrough, J., Quranic Studies (Oxford, 1977), pp. 4–5Google Scholar and compare with Goldziher, I., Muslim Studies (Eng. tr., London, 1971), p. 77, n. 2Google Scholar; E. I., newed., s.v. “Djafr” and Suppl., s.v. “ Malhama ”.

37 Ṭayālisī, (d.204 H.), Musnad (Beirut, 1406 H.), 51–2Google Scholar; Abdal-Razzāq, (d.211 H.), Musannaf (Beirut, 1983)Google Scholar, n/385–7; Shayba, Ibn Abī, 15/139–9Google Scholar; Ḥanbal, Ibn, Musnad 1/384–5, 435Google Scholar; idem, ’Hal (Beirut and Riyad, 1988), 1/382; Muslim, , Ṣaḥīḥ (Beirut, n.d.), 8/177–8Google Scholar; Ya’la, Abū (d. 307 H.), Musnad, (Damascus, 1987), 9/163–5, 259–60Google Scholar; al-Ḥākim, 4/476–7; QurtubT 2/314–15, quoting Marj al-Baḥrayn by Abū al-KhaṬṬāb b. Duḥya; Ibn Kathīr, 1/87–8; Ḥajar, Ibn (d. 852 H.), al Wuqūf (Cairo, 1988), p. 87Google Scholar.

38 Al-Fazārā, (d. 186 H.),K.al-Siyar (Beirut, 1987), p. 303Google Scholar; Shayba, Ibnī Ab, 15/146–7Google Scholar; Ibn Ḥanbal, , Musnad 1/178, 4/337–8Google Scholar; Muslim, 8/178; Ibn Māja, 2/1370; Ṭaḥāwī, (d. 321 H.), Mushkil al-Athār (Haydarabad, 1333 H.), 1/216–17Google Scholar; al-Ḥākim, 4/426; Abū Nu’aym, (d. 430), Ḥilya (Cairo, 1938), 8/256Google Scholar; Daylamī, 2/323; Ibn Kathīr, 1/91; Ḥajar, Ibn, Tahdhīb (Haydarabad, 1327 H.), 10/408Google Scholar. Compare also with Sakhāwī, , al-Qanā’a (Cairo, 1987), p.83Google Scholar.

39 Shayba, Ibn Abī, 15/40–1,135–6Google Scholar; Ibn Ḥanbal, 5/232, 245; Abū Dawūd, 4/no; Bukhārī, , al-Tārīkh, al-Kabīr (Haydarabad, 1954), 5/193Google Scholar; Ṭaḥāwī, 1/217; Ṭabāranī, 20/108; al-Ḥākim, , 4/420–1Google Scholar; Dhahabī, Talkhī$ in the margin of al-Ḥākim, ibid.; Wāsiṭī, 54; Ibn al-Murajjā, 76(b); Daylamī, 3/50; al-BaghdādTī, al-Khaṭib (d. 463 H.), Tārīkh Baghdād (Beirut, n.d.), 10/223Google Scholar; Ḍiyā’ al-Dīn, 71; Qurṭubī, 2/312; Ibn Kathīr, , 1/93–4Google Scholar; Suyūṭī, Durr 6/60; Sakhāwī, 83.

40 Compare Nu‘aym, 139(a); Ibn Abī Shayba, 15/40; Abū Dawūd, 4/110; Ibn Māja, 2/1370; Tirmidhī, , ṢaḤṭī (Cairo, 1934), 9/90Google Scholar; Ṭabarānī, 20/91; al-Ḥākim, 4/426; Daylamī, 4/231, Qurṭubī, 2/314; Ibn Kathīr, 1/96; Suyūṭī, Dun, 6/60; al-Muttaqī, 6/12; Barazanjī, 105; Ibn Ṭawūs (d. 664 H.), al-Malaḥim walFitan, (Najaf, 1963), 124Google Scholar, quoting K. al-Fitan by Abū Ṣāliḥ al-Sulaylī (written in 307 H.). I am indebted to M. J. Kister for this last source.

41 Abū Dawūd, 4/111; Ibn Māja, 2/1370; Qurṭubī, 2/134; Ibn Kathīr, 1/97; Sakhāwī, p. 83; Suyūṭī, Durr, 6/59. Compare also with Nu’aym, 130(a).

42 Ṭayālisī, , 133Google Scholar; Ibn Ḥanbal, 5/278; Abū Dawud, 4/111; Ṭayālisī, , 2/102–3Google Scholar; Abū Nu’aym, 1/182; Daylamī, 5/527; Ibn Ṭāwūs, , 129, 166–7Google Scholar; Qurṭubī, 2/315; Haythamī, 7/287; Ibn Ḥajar, Tahdhīb 8/75.

43 Nu‘aym, 133(b).

44 Compare: Nu‘aym, 125(b)–I26(a), 140(a–b); Ha’irī, , 292.Google Scholar

45 Nu‘aym, 123(b)–124(a).

46 Compare: Haythamī, , Kashf al-Astār (Beirut, 1979), 4/134Google Scholar and al-Muttaq‛, 6/26 with ’Abd al-Razzāq,11/388.

47 Nu‘aym, 122(b).

48 Nu‘aym, 126(b).

49 Nu‘aym, 136(a–b).

50 Nu‘aym, 130(3).

51 Nu‘aym, 126(b)–127(a).

52 Nu‘aym, 122(a–b), 132(a–b).

53 Nu‘aym, 141(a–b).

54 Nu‘aym, 125(b).

55 Nu‘aym, 139(a).

56 Nu‘aym, 140(b).

57 Compare Nu‘aym's 131(a’b), H3(b) and 144(a)–I45(a).

58 Nu‘aym, 132(b)‘133(a), 134(b)‘135(a), 137(a); Haythamī, 7/318 quoting Ṭ;abarānī's Awsaṭ.

59 Nu‘aym, 144(a–b).

60 Compare: Nu‘aym, 122(a–b), 139(b), 144(a).

61 Nu‘aym, 139(a–b).

62 Nu‘aym, 125(a).

63 Nu‘aym, 139(a).

64 Nu‘aym, 139(b).

65 ‘Abd al-Razzāq, 11/388; Nu‘aym, 120(b), 125(b), 132(a); al-Muttaqī, 6/26.

66 Nu‘aym, 120(b).

67 Nu‘aym, 139(b).

68 Nu‘aym, 119(b).

69 Nu‘aym, 125(b)–126(b). Compare also with 119(b) where the same was transmitted from Ka‘b by Awzā‘ī himself in a clearly maqṭū‘form.

70 Nu‘aym, 140(a–b).

71 Nu‘aym, 122(b).

72 Nu‘aym, 130(a).

73 Nu‘aym, 135(a–b).

74 Nu‘aym, 119(b).

75 Ibid.

76 Nu‘aym, 120(b).

77 Ibid.

78 Nu‘aym, 132(a–b).

79 Ibn ‘Asākir, , 1/602–3.Google Scholar

80 Ibn ‘Asakir, 1/603 and Nu‘aym, 139(a). Compare also with the latter's 136(b) where a similar tradition was reported from Khālid b. Ma‘dān.

81 Ibn ‘Asākir, ibid. Nu‘aym, 129(b).

82 Ibn ‘Asākir, , 1/603–4Google Scholar; Abū ‘Ubayd, , 4/190–1Google Scholar; Zamakhsharī, al-Fā‘.iq, 2/420. For the location of Ḥismā in the south of Palestine and modern Jordan, see: Gil, M., Palestine During the First Muslim Period (Tel Aviv, 1983), 1/15 (in Hebrew)Google Scholar.

83 Nu‘aym, 120(b).

84 Ibn ‘Asākir, , 1/226–7.Google Scholar

85 Ibn ‘Asākir, , 1/228–9.Google Scholar

86 Nu‘aym, 123(b)–124(a).

87 Nu‘aym, 128(a).

88 Ibid.

89 Nu‘aym, 124(b)–125(a).

90 Nu‘aym, 128(a).

91 Ibid.

92 Compare Nu‘aym, 131(b), 139(a); Ibn Māja, , 2/1369–70Google Scholar; al-Basawī, , (d. 277 H.), al-Ma‘rifa wa-l-Tārīkh (Baghdād, 1975)Google Scholar, 2/291; al-Ḥākim, 4/548; Ibn ‘Asākir, , 1/258–60Google Scholar; al-Albānī, Takhrīj Aḥādīth al-Raba‘ī, 59Google Scholar.

93 Nu‘aym, 114(b).

94 Nu‘aym, 120(b). Compare also with 129(b)–130(a).

95 Ibid., 120(b).

96 Compare Ibn Māja, , 2/1370–1Google Scholar; Ṭabarānī, , 17/21–2, al-Ḥākim, 4/483Google Scholar; Daylamī, 5/82; Qurṭubī, 2/352; Ibn Kathīr, , 1/90–1, 93Google Scholar; Haythamī, , 6/219–20Google Scholar; Suyūṭī, J. K., 1/904; idem, Durr, 6/60; al-Muttaqī, 6/10.

97 zṬabarānī, al-Mu‘jam al-Ṣaghīr, 1/231.

98 Haythamī, 4/15.

99 Bukhārī, . 2/222; Muslim, 1/90–1.Google Scholar Compare also with the variant isnād from Ibn ‘Umar given by Ibn Ḥ;ibbān in Haythamī, , Mawārid, 255Google Scholar.

100 Abū Dawūd, 4/97, 111. See also Ṭabarānī, M. S. 2/40, where he says that Salāḥ is the border between Medina and Khaybar.

101 Muslim, 1/90.

102 Ibn Ḥanbal, 1/184; Abū Ya‘lā, 2/99; Haythamī, 7/277 quoting Buzzār too.

103 Compare Haythamī, 7/278, 318; Suyūṭ,J. K., 1/675.

104 Nu‘aym, 137(a–b).

105 Muslim, 8/175–6Google Scholar; al-Ḥākim, , 4/482Google Scholar; Qurṭubī, 2/352; Nawawī, , 10/418–19Google Scholar; Ibn Kathīr, , 1/89–90Google Scholar; Suyūṭī, Durr, 6/59; al-Muttaqī, 6/9. See also Ibn ‘Arabī (d. 543 H.), Sharḥ in the margin of Timidhī, 9/83; Sakhāwī, 84; Barazanjī, , pp. 100–1.Google Scholar

106 Nu‘aym, 132(a).

107 Nu‘aym, 138(a).

108 Nu‘aym, 135(b).

109 Ibn ‘Asākir, 1/228; Badrān, Ibn, Tahdhīb (Damascus, 1329 H.)Google Scholar, 1/51; al-Muttaqī, 6/25.

110 Haythamī, 10/55 quoting Abū Ya‘lā and Ṭabarānī.

111 Nu‘aym, 137(b).

112 Nu‘aym, 130(b).

113 Nu‘aym, 115(a–b), 117(a), 121(a–b), 131(b), 133(b)–134(a). See also Haythamī, 7/319, quoting Bazzār.

114 Tirmidhī, , 9/90–1Google Scholar; Qurtubi, 2/353; Ibn Kathīr, 1/97; Suyūṭī, Durr, 6/95.

115 Ibn Abī Shayba, 15/157; cf. also al-Muttaqī, , 6/20–1Google Scholar; and compare with Ṭabarānī, , al-Awsaṭ, 1/365–6Google Scholar; aylamī, 2/62.

116 Muslim, 8/188; Nawawī, , Sharḥ Muslim, in the margin of Qasṭalānī. Irshād, (Cairo, 1293 H.), 10/444Google Scholar; Sakhāwī, p. 82; Suyūṭī, Durr, 6/59; al-Ḥākim, 4/476; Ibn Kathīr, 1/90; Qurtubī, , 2/352–3Google Scholar; al-Ḥā’irī, 2/287. Compare, however, with the tradition of Ka’b brought by Nu’aym, 129(b), 138(b), according to which Constantinople would be conquered by the sons of Saba’ and Qādhar.

117 Shayba, Ibn Abī, 5/329–30Google Scholar; Nu‘aym, 133(3); Ibn Ḥanbal, 2/176; Dārimī(d. 255 H.), Sunan (Cairo, n.d.), 1/126; al-Ḥākim, 4/555; Ibn Kathīr, , 1/79–80Google Scholar; Haythamī, 6/219; al-Muttaqī, 6/15; Suyūṭī, Durr, 6/60.

118 Nu‘aym, 133(a)-135(a), 138(a).

119 Nu‘aym, 131 (a), 133(3), 138(a). Compare also with Daylamī, 5/82; al-Muttaqī, 6/20 quoting Ibn ‘Asākir; Ḥalīmī, (d. 403 H.), al-Minhāj Fī Shu‘ab al-Īmān (Beirut, 1979), 1/430Google Scholar; Mar‘ī, b. Yūsuf al-Maqdisī al-Ḥanbalī, Bahjat al-Nāẓirīn (MS. Khālidiyya, Jerusalem, 334), fol. 77(b)Google Scholar. I am indebted to L. Conrad for putting this last source at my disposal.

120 Bukhārī, 3/232; al-Ḥākim, , 4/556–7.Google Scholar

121 Nu‘aym, 130(b), 134(b), 135(b), 141(b); Haythamī, 7/318.

122 Compare Ibn Ḥanbal, 4/193; Ṭabarānī, 22/214; al-Ḥākim, 4/462; Haythamī, 6/219; Suyūṭī, Durr, 6/59; Nu‘aym, 133(b). See also the variants in this last source, 138(b) and 141(a), where “al-shām” was substituted for the phrase: “between al-Darb and al-‘Arīsh” or “al-‘Arīsh and al-Furāt”, respectively.

123 Ibn Ḥanbal, 4/335; Ṭabarānī, M. K., 2/38; al-Ḥākim, , 4/421–2Google Scholar; Daylamī, 5/481; Haythamī, , Majma’, 6/218–19 quoting BazzārGoogle Scholar; idem, Kashf, 2/358; Suyūṭī, al-Jāmi’ al-Saghir (Cairo, 1954), 2/122; idem, Durr, 6/60; idem J. K., 1/635 quoting also Ibn Khuzayma, Baghawī, Bārūdī, Ibn al-Sakan, Ibn Qāni’ and al-Diyā’ al-Maqdisī; al-Muttaqī, 6/12; al-Albānī, , al-Aḥādīth al-Ḍa‘īfa (Beirut, 1399 H.), 2/268–9Google Scholar.

124 Nu‘aym, 140(b).

125 Nu‘aym, 133(a-b); Ibn Hanbal, 4/230; Muslim, 8/176–7Google Scholar; Ṭabarānī, , M. K., 20/319–20Google Scholar; Daylamī, 2/65; Ibn Ḥajar, , al-Wuqūf, 86–7Google Scholar; al-Muttaqī, 6/11; Ibn Kathīr, , 1/91–2Google Scholar; Sakhāwī, , 85–6.Google Scholar

126 Ibn Abī Shayba, 5/298; Ibn, Ḥajar, al-Maṭālib al-‘Āliya Fī Zawā‘id al-Masānīd al-Thamāniya (Beirut, 1987)Google Scholar, 4/26 quoting the Musnad of al-Ḥārith b. Abī Usāma.

127 Compare Ibn Ḥanbal, 5/197; Abū Dawūd, 4/111; Basawī, 2/290; Ibn ‘Asākir, , 1/219–20Google Scholar, 222; al-Mundhirī, (d. 656 H.), al-Targhīb wa-l-Tarhīb (Cairo, n.d.), 4/63Google Scholar; Ibn Kathīr, 1/83, 89; Suyūtī, Durr, 6/59; al-Ḥākim, 4/486; Manīnī, (d. 1172 H.), al-I‘lām (Jaffa, n.d.), 56Google Scholar; Albānī, , Takhrīj, 35–6Google Scholar.

128 al-Salām, Ibn ‘Abd (d. 660 H.), Targhīb Ahl al-Islām (Jerusalem, 1940), 13Google Scholar; al-Hādī, Ibn ‘Abd (d. 774 H.), Faḍā‘il al-Shām (Cairo, 1988), 28Google Scholar; Haythamī, Majma’, 7/289, 10/57; Manīnī, 62; Compare also with Ibn ‘Asākir, 1/225–.6, where a variant of this tradition was reported in mursal forms by Makḥūl and Jubayr himself.

129 Ibn ‘Asākir, 1/227.

130 Ibn al-Murajjā, 78(b); Ibn ‘Asākir, 1/228; Ibn Badrān, 1/51. Compare also with Sakhāwī, p. 85, where he quotes al-Raba‘ī (d. 444 H.) for the same tradition but attributes it to Ka‘b.

131 Shayba, Ibn Abī, 5/324–5Google Scholar, 12/191; Ibn ‘Asākir, 1/229; al-Muttaqī, 6/15, 25.

132 Compare Nu‘aym, 66(b); al-Faqīh, Ibn, Mukhtaṣar Kitāb al-Buldān (Leiden, 1885), 104Google Scholar; Ibn Badrān, 1/51–2.

133 Nu‘aym, 66(b): “wa-marbiḍ thawr fihā afḍal min dār aẓīma bi-ḥimṣ” (and a resting place of an ox in it is far better than a great house in Himṣ).

134 Abu Ya‘lā, 11/302; Ibn al-Murajjā, 58(b)-59(a); Haythamī, Majma’, 7/288, 10/60–1; Ṭabarānī, al-Awsat 1/61; Manīnī, p. 59; Albānī, Takhrīj, 60–1; Ibn Ḥajar, al-Maṭālib 4/164, 336. Compare, however, with the variant transmitted from Abū Ṣāliḥ by al-Qa‘qā’ b. Ḥakīm (Medinese, d. 7), where neither Jerusalem nor Damascus are specified. Haythamī, Kashf al-Astār, 4/111.

135 Ibn al-Murajjā, 59(a-b); Basawī, 2/298; Haythamī, Majma’ 7/288–9; Ṭabarānī, M. K., 20/317–18.

136 Ibn Hanbal, 5/269; Wasiṭī, p. 26; al-Jawzī, Ibn (d. 597 H.), Fadā‘il al-Quds, (Beirut, 1980), pp. 93–4Google Scholar; Haythamī, Majma’, 7/288; Manīnī, p. 59; al-Dīn, Mujīr (d. 928 H.) al-Uns at-jalīl (‘Ammān, 1973), 1/227–8Google Scholar.

137 Ṭayālisī, p. 94; Humayd, Ibn (d. 249 H.), al-Muntakhab Min al-Musnad (Cairo, 1988), p. 115Google Scholar; Ibn Ḥanbal, 4/369; Ṭabaranī, M. K., 5/165; Haythamī, Kashf, 4/111.

138 Basawī, 2/297; Ibn ‘Abd al-Salām, p. 12; Manīnī, p. 60; Bukhārī, 4/187. Compare, however, with Muslim, 6/53, where Mālik's testimony was dropped.

139 Ibn al-Murajjā, 85(a-b).

140 Ibn al-Murajjā, 85(b); Mujīr al-Dīn, 1/228.

141 Compare Ibn al-Murajjā, 85(b); Ibn ‘Asākir, , 1/269–70Google Scholar; Haythamī, Majma’, 10/60; al-Dīn, Shams, Itḥāf al-Akhiṣṣā (Cairo, 1984), 2/140Google Scholar; Manīnī, p. 62; Albānī, Takhrīj 21; al-Mundhirī, 4/63.

142 Ibn al-Murajjā, 59(a-b).

143 This was reported in a tradition of Damra b. Ḥabīb, mawlā of Abū Rayḥāna, (a Ḥimṣī, d. 130 H.) on the authority of Abū Bakr b. Abī Maryam (d. 156 H.). Compare: Manṣūr, Sa‘īd b. (d. 227 H.), Sunan (Beirut, 1985), 2/192–3Google Scholar; Ibn al-Mubārak (d. 181), al-Zuhd, 305.

144 Sa‘īd b. Manṣūr, 2/160; cf. also Shams al-Dīn, 2/171.

145 Mundhirī, 2/152; Haythamī, Mawārid, 381; Suyūṭī, Durr, 2/115, quoting Ibn Hibbān and Bayhaqī.

146 Sa‘īd b. Manṣūr, 2/159; al-Muttaqī (ed. Haydarabad), 2/263.

147 al-Razzāq, ‘Abd, 5/280–1.Google Scholar

148 Ibn Abī Shayba, 5/327.

149 Ṭabarānī, M. K., 6/267. See also Haythamī, Majma’, 5/290, where Salmān was said to have been on that occasion “murābiṭ on a coast” without specifying Ḥimṣ, and compare with al-Mubārak, Ibn, Kitāb al-Jihād (Beirut, 1971), 140Google Scholar, where “fī ḥiṣn” (in a fortress) was read instead of “fī ḥimṣ”.

150 Zur‘a, Abū (d. 281 H.), Tārīkh (Damascus, 1980), 1/222Google Scholar.

151 Ibid., 1/254.

152 Ḥibbān, Ibn (d. 354 H.), al-Majrūḥīn (Cairo, 1402), 1/118Google Scholar; al-Qaysarānī, Ibn (d. 507 H.) Kitāb Ma‘rifat al-Tadhkira (Beirut, 1985), p. 212Google Scholar; al-Jawzī, Ibn (d. 597 H.), Mawdū‘at (Medina, 1966), 2/227Google Scholar; Dhahabī (d. 748 H.), Mizān, 1/21; Suyūtī, , al-La‘ālī (Beirut, 1975), 2/136Google Scholar; al-Kinānī, (d. 963 H.), Tanzīh al-Sharī‘a (Beirut, 1979), 2/178Google Scholar; Shawkānī, (d. 1250 H.), al-Fawā‘id al-Majmū‘a, (Cairo, 1960), p. 208Google Scholar.

153 Ibn al-Jawzī, 2/227; Suyūṭī, 2/136; al-Kinānī, 2/178. Compare also with Haythamī, Majma’, 5/288, where a similar tradition was reported through Abū al-Dardā.

154 Abu Ya‘lā, 7/267; ‘Uqaylī, (d. 322 H.), al-Du‘afā’ al-Kabīr (Beirut, 1984), 2/102–3Google Scholar; Ibn Hibbān, 1/313; Daylamī, 2/146, 3/478; Ibn al-Qaysarānī, 211; Dhahabī, 1/378; Haythamī, 5/289.

155 Ibn Māja, 2/925. See also Mundhirī, 2/154.

156 Ibn Ḥanbal, 1/61, 65; al-Ḥākim, 2/81.

157 Compare Suyūṭī, Durr 2/114; Haythamī, Majma’, 5/289; Ṭabarānī, M. K., 24/254; Ibn Ḥanbal, 6/362; Mundhirī, 2/150.

158 Daylamī, , 5/175–6.Google Scholar

159 Daylamī, 3/521; Ibn al-Jawzī, Mawdū‘āt, 2/229; Suyūtī, La‘ālī, 2/137; Kinānī, 2/178. The authenticity of this tradition was questioned because the authority on it, Zayd b. Jubayra, was considered “nothing” (laysa bishay‘).

160 Tabarānī, M. K., 19/29; ‘Uqaylī, , 2/21–2;Google Scholar Nu‘aym, Abū (d. 430 H.), Hilya (Cairo, 1933), 3/125Google Scholar; al-Ḥākim 3/587; Albānī, , Silsilat…, 1/399–400Google Scholar; Dhahabī, Mizān, 1/312; Hajar, Ibn, Lisān (Haydarabad, 1330 H.), 2/407–8Google Scholar; Kinānī, 2/178, quoting Ibn Qāni’ for it.

161 Goitein, S. D, Studies in Islamic History and Institutions (Leiden, 1968), p. 146Google Scholar. See also Noth, A., Heiliger Kriege und heiliger Kampf… (Bonn, 1966), p. 84 n. 400Google Scholar; Gil, M., 1/83–4, 88–9Google Scholar; Sharon, M. “ The cities of the Holy Land…” Cathedra (40), 1986, p. 90 (Hebrew)Google Scholar; El'ad, A., “The coastal cities of Eretz-Israel…”, Cathedra 8 (1978), pp. 162–3 (Hebrew)Google Scholar.

162 Tabarānī, M. K., 8/229; Haythamī, Majma’, 10/62; Dhahabī, Mīzaln, 2/177; Ibn Ḥajar, Lisān, 4/128; Kinānī, 2/58. On the location of Anafa see Yāqūt, 1/271.

163 This was also reported in a mursal form by Yazīd b. Rabīa. Compare Daylamī, 5/103; Shams al-Dīn, 2/169; Mujīr al-Dīn, 1/234; Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Suyūṭī (wrote in 875 H.), Faḍā’il al-Shām (MS. Princeton, Yehuda 1/264), fol. I24(a).

164 Dhahabī, 1/61; Kinānī, 2/57.

165 The other three are the well of Zamzam in Mecca, the spring of Silwān in Jerusalem and the spring of alFulūs in Baysān. This tradition was either attributed to the Prophet through Abū Hurayra or else reported by Muqātil b. Sulaymān (d. 150 H.) in a mursal form. See Ibn al-Murajjā, 95(a); al-Firkāḥ, Ibn, Bāith al-Nufūs, JPOS 15 (1935). PP. 70, 81Google Scholar. On the sanctity o f ‘ Ayn al-Baqar in Yāqūtīs time see his 4/176.

166 Anon., , Faṣl Fī Faḍā'il ‘Akkā’. (MS. Princeton, Yehuda, 4183), fols. 38(b)–41(b)Google Scholar. The tradition “ṭūbā li-man ra’;ā ‘akkā’” was noted also by Yāqūt, 4/41. On other sources which bring such traditions see a tract by Azharī (wrote in 1172 H.) entitled al-Raqīm, which aimed at refuting them. MS. Princeton, Yehuda (5923), 92(a)–94(a).

167 El'ad, , pp. 162–3Google Scholar; Gil, , 1/83–4Google Scholar; Livne-Kafri, O., “On Jerusalem in early Islam”, Cathedra 51 (1989), pp. 43–4, (Hebrew)Google Scholar.

168 Compare Suyūṭī, Durr, 2/112 quoting Ibn Abī Ḥātim; idem, La’ālī, 1/461; al-Thānī Min al-Fawā’;id, MS. Ẓāhiriyya, Majmū’, 18/168; Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Suyūṭī, 124(a); Ibn Ḥanbal, 3/225; Daylamī, 3/49; Shams al-Dīn, 2/170, quoting Shihāb al-Dīn's Muthīr; Kinānī, 2/49; al-Qārī (d. 1014 H.), al-Asrār al-Marfū'a, (Beirut, 1985), 159Google Scholar; Ibn al-Jawzī, Mawḍū’;āt 2/524; Shawkānī, p. 429; Haythamī, Majma’, 10/62; Ḥajar, Ibn, al-Nukat ‘Alā Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ (Medina, 1988), 1/451 n. 2Google Scholar.

169 Daylamī, 2/450; M. b. A. al-Suyūṭī, I24(a); Shams al-Dīn, 2/169; Mujīr al-Dīn, 2/74.

170 Ibn al-Faqīh, p. 103; Yāqūt, 4/122.

171 Compare ‘Abd al-Razzāq, 5/287; Basawī, 2/300; Abū Ya’lā, , 1/160–1, 2/216–17Google Scholar; M. b. A. al-Suyūṭī, I24(b); Ibn al-jawzī, , Mawḍū’;at, , 2/52–4Google Scholar; Dhahabī, Mīzān, 3/170 quoting Baghawī's Tārīkh; Ibn Ḥajar, Lisān 6/36; idem, al-Maṭālib, 4/161–2; Haythamī, Majma’, 10/62; idemidem, Kashf al-Astār, 3/324; Kinānī, , 2/48–9Google Scholar, quoting Ibn Ḥibbān and Ibn Mardawayh's Tafsīr; Shams al-Dīn, , 2/169–71Google Scholar; Suyūṭī, , La’ālī, 1/460–3Google Scholar, quoting al-Sarrāj's Fawā'id; Shawkani, , pp. 429–31.Google Scholar

172 Sa’;id b. Manṣūr, 2/160, cited above.

173 Ibn al-Firkāḥ, p. 70.

174 Ibn al-Faqīh, p. 103; Ṭabarānī, M. K., 11/92; Ibn ‘Asākir, , 1/86–7Google Scholar; Shawkānī, 431, quoting Ibn al-Najjār for a similar tradition by Anas too; Ibn al-Murajjā, iO9(b); Suyūtī, , La’ālī, 1/461–3Google Scholar, quoting Dūlābī's al-Kunā; Shams al-Dīn, 2/138; Kinānī, 2/49; Haythamī, Majma’ 10/62, quoting also Ṭabarānī's Awsaṭ; al-Dīn, Mujīīr, 2/73–4.Google Scholar

175 Suyūṭī, La’ālī, 1/462; Kinānī, 2/49; Ṭabarānī, M. K., 11/88.

176 Suyūṭī, ibid.; Kinānī, ibid., quoting Ibn al-Najjār's Tārīkh.

177 Ibn al-Faqīh, 103; Suyüṭī, 1/463; Kinānī, 2/49, quoting Ibn ‘Asākir.

178 Yāqūt, 4/122.

179 A wide coverage of this subject was done by Donner, F. M., The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton, 1983), pp. 91–5Google Scholar. See also Sharon, M., “ The military reforms of Abu Muslim…” in Sharon, M., ed., Studies in Islamic History… (Jerusalem, 1986), pp. 106–12Google Scholar.

180 Such avoidance is clear even in the work of Donner as noted by E. Landau-Tasseron's review of it in JSAI 6 (1985), p. 511Google Scholar.

181 Pseudo-Wāqidī, , Futūḥ al-Shām (Cairo, 1368)Google Scholar. From 1/87 we learn that those who reconquered Ḥimṣ were overwhelmingly ‘abīd and mawālī who numbered four thousand while the ‘arab numbered only one thousand under Khālid b. al-Walild. On the conversion of ‘Abdullāh Yūqannā, governor (biṭrīq/ṣaḥib) of Ḥalab and his leading role in the conquest of Syria, Mesopotamia and even Egypt, see 1/175. On the kings of the Christian peoples summoned by Heraclius for the battle of Yarmūk, see 1/96–7Google Scholar. On the role of ṣāḥib rūmya, Falinṭānus and his conversion to Islam during the battle over Antioch, as well as the idea that Heraclius himself professed Islam, see 1/195, 198. The present author is currently engaged in a critical edition of this unique source.

182 Pseudo-Wāqidī on Jabala, King of the Arab mutanaṣṣira from B. Ghassān, Lakham andjudhām, in 1/97 and Donner, p. 154 n. 303.

183 Mas’ūdī (d. 345 H.), Tanbih (Beirut, 1965), 167–8Google Scholar; Ṭabarī, , Tārīkh (Cairo, 1967), 4/54Google Scholar; Balādhurī, , Futūḥ (Beirut, 1975), 185–6Google Scholar.

184 Ṭayālisī, p. 157; Zayla'ī (d. 760 H.), Naṣb al-Rāya (Cairo, 1938), 3/390–1Google Scholar, quoting Ibn Ḥanbal, Ibn Abī Shayba, Ibn Ḥibbān, Tirmidhī and Ṭabarānī.

185 Theophanes, , Chronicle (Eng. tr., Philadelphia, 1982), p. 44Google Scholar.

186 Ibid.

187 Ibid., p. 46.

188 Bakkār, Al-Zubayr b., al-Akhbār al-Muwaffaqiyyāt (Baghdad, 1980), p. 301Google Scholar; Naṣr b. Muzāḥim (d. 212 H.), Waq’at Ṣiffin (Cairo, 1981), p. 37Google Scholar.

189 Balādhurī, , Ansāb (Jerusalem, 1971), 4(a)/36Google Scholar.

190 Balādhurī, , Futūḥ, 163Google Scholar.

191 Khayyāṭ, Khalīfa b., Tārīkh, Najaf 1967, 1/189Google Scholar.

192 Theophanes, , pp. 53–4.Google Scholar

193 Ibid., p. 59.

194 Ṯabarī, 6/150; Baladhurī, Futūh, 164;Google ScholarIbn al-‘Ibri, Tarīkh Mukhtasar al-Duwal (Beirut, 1958), 112–13Google Scholar.

195 Theophanes, p. 61.

196 Tabarī, 4/255; cf. also Qurtubī, 2/353.

197 Khalīfa, 1/143..

198 Theophanes, p. 45.

199 Compare Khalīfa, 1/196;Balādhurī, Amah, p. 70; Tabari, 5/232.Google Scholar

200 Abū Zur’a, 1/188, quoting a tradition by the Syrian Sa’id b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz; Theophanes, , pp. 52–3.Google Scholar

201 Theophanes, Ibid.; Abu Zur‘a, 1/346.

202 Theophanes, p. 80.

203 Tabarī, 6/523; Mas’udT, Tanb’h, i6$-6. Compare also with Khal’fa, 1/326 where the year 98 H. is given for the siege.

204 Ibn al-Murajjā, 82(b).

205 Theophanes, pp. 53–.4.

206 Balādhurī, Futūh, pp. 148–.9.

207 Ibid.

208 El‘ad, , pp. 156–8.Google Scholar

209 Compare: Yāqūt, 4/144; Balādhurī, , Ansāb, 82Google Scholar.

210 Balādhurī, Futūḥ, 124–5Google Scholar; Yāqūt, 4/144.

211 Balādhurī, , Futūḥ, 133Google Scholar.

212 Ibid., pp. 133–4.

213 Ibid., p. 153.

214 Khalīfa, 1/193.

215 Ibn Ḥajar, Iṣaba, 4/128.

216 Yāqūt, 1/270.

217 Compare Ṭabarī, 6/322; Balādhurī, , Futūḥ, p. 165Google Scholar.

218 Khalīfa, , 1/269–70Google Scholar. Compare also with Ṭabarī, 6/202.

219 Ṭabarī, 6/434.

220 Abū Zur‘a, 1/353.

221 Ibn al-Murajjā, 82(b).

222 Balādhurī, , Futūḥ, 139Google Scholar.

223 Ṭabarānī, , M. K., 17/18–19Google Scholar; Ibn al-Jawzī, , Mawḍū‘āt, 1/148–9Google Scholar; Haythamī, Majma‘, 4/14.

224 Ibn ‘Asākir, 1/328.

225 Ginzberg, L., Genizah Studies (New York, 1928), pp. 310–12Google Scholar; Lewis, B., The Jews of Islam (Princeton, 1983), PP. 93–4Google Scholar.

226 Balādhurī, , Futūḥ, p.125Google Scholar.

227 Ibid.

228 Cf. El‘ad, , p. 165, n. 65.Google Scholar

229 Sharon, M., p. 91.Google Scholar

230 Translated in Le Strange, G., Palestine Under the Moslems (London, 1890), p. 24Google Scholar.

231 Yāqūt, 1/269.

232 Gil, M., 1/285–6Google Scholar; Sharon, M., p. 92.Google Scholar