The Forerunner of al-Ghazālī

Margaret Smith

doi:10.1017/S0035869X00076358

The Forerunner of al-Ghazālī

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2011

Margaret Smith

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In his al-Munkidh min al-Ḍalāl al-Ghazālī states that he studied the works of al-Muḥāsibī, together with those of Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī, al-Junayd, Shiblī, and Abū Yazīd al-Bisṭāmī, and of these Ḥārith b. Asad al-Muḥāsibī (ob. 243/857) was the earliest and the most prolific writer, and to him al-Ghazālī owes more of his teaching than has been generally realized, and much that has been attributed to al-Ghazālī as representing his original ideas, is in fact based upon the earlier teaching of al-Muḥāsibī and, in many instances, is directly borrowed from him.

Type: Articles
Information: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Volume 68 , Issue 1 , January 1936 , pp. 65 - 78

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00076358 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © The Royal Asiatic Society 1936

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^{page 65 note 1} p. 20 (ed. Cairo, a.h. 1309).

^{page 65 note 2} Cf. Munkidh min al-ḍalāl, pp. 1 ff., and al-Muḥāsibī's Waṣāya (Naṣā'iḥ), fols. 1b ff. (MS. Br. Mus. Or. 7900).

^{page 65 note 3} Iḥyā', parts i and ii.

^{page 66 note 1} Ibid., parts iii and iv.

^{page 67 note 1} Iḕyā', iv, 14.

^{page 67 note 2} Kitāb Aḥkam al-Tawbat, fol. 13a (Cairo Taṣ. Sh. 3).

^{page 67 note 3} Iḥyā', iv, 15. Cf. al-Muḥāsibī, op. cit., fol. 18a.

^{page 67 note 4} Iḥyā', iv, 28; Kitāb Aḥkam al-Tawbat, fol. 14b.

^{page 67 note 5} Iḥyā', iii, 23 ff.

^{page 67 note 6} Ri'āya, fol. 48b, 91b.

^{page 68 note 1} Iḥyā'. iii, 264–5, 275, 277 ff.

^{page 68 note 2} Ibid., iii, 271.

^{page 68 note 3} Ri'āya, fol. 40a if.

^{page 68 note 4} Ayyuha'l-Walad, p. 68 (ed. , Beyrout)Google Scholar.

^{page 69 note 1} Ri'āya, fols. 54a, 46a.

^{page 69 note 2} Iḥyā', iii, pp. 290 ff.

^{page 69 note 3} Ri'āya, fols. 105a, 105b, 106a.

^{page 70 note 1} lḥyā' iii, pp. 301 ff.; Munkidh, p. 34.

^{page 70 note 2} Ri'āya, fols. 108b, 109b, 110a.

^{page 70 note 3} Iḥyā', iii, p. 318.

^{page 70 note 4} Ri'āya, fol. 94b.

^{page 70 note 6} lḥyā', iii, pp. 321, 322. Cf. Ri'āya, fols. 94b, 96a.

^{page 71 note 1} Iḥyā', iii, p. 325. Ri'āya, fol. 103b, 104a.

^{page 71 note 2} Iḥyā'. iii, p. 221. Cf. Waṣāya (Naṣā'iḥ), fols. 11a ff.

^{page 71 note 3} Iḥyā', iii, pp. 93 ff. Cf. al-Muḥāsibī, al-Tawba, fols. 4 ff.

^{page 72 note 1} Iḥyā', iii, pp. 229 ff. Cf. Waṣaya, fols. 4b ff.

^{page 72 note 2} Iḥyā', iii, pp. 334 ff.

^{page 72 note 3} Ri'āya, fols. 124a ff.

^{page 72 note 4} Iḥyā', iv, pp. 11, 12 ff. Cf. Ri'āya, fols. 34b, 75b ff.; al-Tawba, fol. 13a.

^{page 73 note 1} Iḥyā', iv, pp. 211 ff., 224 if. Cf. al-Muhāsibī, Makāsib wa'l Wara', fols. 32a, 32b; Ādāb al-Nufūs, fol. 59b, 60a; Masā'il fī-A'māl, fols. 135b ff.

^{page 73 note 2} lḥyā', iv, pp. 123, 124. Cf. Ri'āya, fols. 124a ff.; Ādāb al-Nufūs, fol. 67b; Bad’ man anāb ila Allāh, fol. 21b.

^{page 73 note 3} Iḥyā', iv, pp. 55, 60 ff.

^{page 73 note 4} Waṣsāya, fols. 11b, 12a.

^{page 74 note 1} Iḥyā', i, p. 169.

^{page 74 note 2} Fol. 55b.

^{page 74 note 3} Iḥyā' i, pp. 134, 142 ff.

^{page 74 note 4} Waṣāya (Naṣā'iḥ), fol. 176, 18a.

^{page 74 note 5} Iḥyā', i, pp. 135, 146. Cf. Waṣāya, fol. 19a.

^{page 75 note 1} Iḥyā', i, pp. 142, 145.

^{page 75 note 2} Waṣāya, fol. 17b.

^{page 75 note 3} Iḥyā', i, p. 145.

^{page 75 note 4} Waṣāya, fol. 18. Cf. Ri'āya, fol. 15a.

^{page 75 note 5} Iṣyā', iv, p. 326.

^{page 76 note 1} Ibid., iv, pp. 312, 326, 330.

^{page 76 note 2} Ri'āya, fol. 66a.

^{page 76 note 3} Iṣyā', iv, pp. 16, 17; iv, p. 267.

^{page 77 note 1} Makāsib wa'l-Wara', fol. 35b.

^{page 77 note 2} Kitāb al-Mustarshid,” fol. 4.

^{page 77 note 3} Ḥilyat al-Awliyā', fols. 202, 240a ff. (Leyden Or. 311a), Muḥdāsabat al-Nufūs, fol. 3.

^{page 77 note 4} Iḥyā', iv, p. 291. Cf. Ḥilyat al-Awliyā', fols. 240b ff. Ri'āya, fol. 7a.

^{page 78 note 1} Iḥyā', iv, pp. 297 ff. Cf. ḥilyat, fols. 235a ff.

^{page 78 note 2} Iḥyā', p. 295.

^{page 78 note 3} Iḥyā', ii, p. 236. Cf. Ḥilyat, fol. 233b.

^{page 78 note 4} For a detailed study of the life and teaching of al-Muḥāsibī cf. my Early Mystic of Baghdad.

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