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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 March 2011
The identification of the kingdom of Kulūta, which Hiouen Thsang visited, with the present valley of Kullu seems to be quite beyond dispute; and the lapse of more than twelve centuries and a half has effected so little change in the conditions, that Hiouen Thsang's description and the acount in Hunter's Gazetteer are curiously similar. Like its neighbour the kingdom of Chamba (Skt. Caṇpakā), it belongs to the eastern or Jālandhar group of Hill States in the Panjab. At present this group consists of twelve states, but, according to Cunningham, there were formerly only four—Jālandhar, Chamba, Kullu, and Mandi. Of the first and third we have a detailed description by Hiouen Thsang, and, as will be seen (inf., p. 541), it is possible that he mentions the second under another name. In our attempts to unravel the tangle of ancient Indian geography, the untying of one knot fortunately often leads to the untying of others. The identification of the Kulūtas may enable us to identify, with a greater or less amount of certainty, other peoples who occur with them in the geographical lists. It may, therefore, serve a useful purpose, if we examine in detail all the known occurrences of the Kulūtas in literature and on inscriptions and coins.
page 529 note 1 Cunningham, : Ancient Geography of India, p. 142Google Scholar.
page 529 note 2 Id., pp. 130 ff.
page 529 note 3 Id., p. 136.
page 529 note 4 For these references, I am indehted to Fleet's Topographical Index to the Bṛhat-saṃhitā; Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India; Wilson's Viṣṇupurāṇa (ed. Hall); Telang's Mudrārkākṣasa (Bomb. Skt. Ser.); and the P.W.
page 530 note 1 Si-yu-ki; Beal, i, p. 177; Julien, ii, p. 203. Also Life of Hiouen Thsang: Beal, p. 77; Julien, i, p. 103.
page 530 note 2 p. 200.
page 530 note 3 Vivien de St. Martin, in Julien, iii, p. 331 (but in his Errata alphabétique, p. 570, he says, Effacez ce mot); Cunningham, p. 143; Beal, i, p. 178, note 33.
page 530 note 4 Cunningham, p. 143.
page 530 note 5 Ibid.
page 530 note 6 Memoire analytique sur la carte, etc., in Julien, iii, 334.
page 531 note 1 Cf. the mention of Hūṇas in the second Śloka quoted from this passage of the Mbh. There is no reason to believe that there were Hūṇas in India before the reign of Skandagupta, c. 452–480 a.d.
page 531 note 2 The first passage quoted from the Mudrārākṣasa (inf., p. 535).
page 533 note 1 Fleet, Topographical List.
page 533 note 2 Ed. Kern.
page 534 note 1 Trans. Sachau (ed. 1888), vol. i, pp. 302, 303.
page 535 note 1 Fleet: Corpus Inscr. Ind., iii, p. 62; Topographical List of the Bṛhatsamhitā, Ind. Ant., 1893, p. 185, s.v. Mleccha; cf. also the reff. given by Telang, Mudrārāṣkṣasa (Bomb. Skt. Ser.), p. xxviii.
page 535 note 2 That the Maukharis were great patrons of literature may be inferred from other sources, e.g. from the introductory stanzas to the Kādambarī.
page 537 note 1 p. 8: sevā - vidhi - vyagra - svakulya - Kulūtesva(śva)ra - karma - vyatihāraprāthyamāna - rājyātpa(rpa)ṇa-prasādasya.
page 538 note 1 E.g. Chinese in Life of Hiouen Thsang, Julien, i, p. 230; Beal, p. 167.
page 538 note 2 Id., Julien, i, p. 75. “Au nord de Lan-po (Lamghan) les pays frontières portent généralement le nom de Mie-li-tch'e (Mlêtch-tcha's).”
page 538 note 3 J.R.A.S., 1899, p. 374.
page 539 note 1 Vide the references given by Telang, p. xxxi.
page 539 note 2 Si-yn-ki, Beal, i, p. 173; Julien, ii, p. 199.
page 539 note 3 Vide, however, Beal, l.c.; Vivien de St. Martin, in Julien, iii, p. 332, identifies it with Katoch, which seems rather to he Jālandhara.
page 540 note 1 Cunningham, op. cit., p. 136.
page 540 note 2 Kielhorn: List of Inter, of North. Ind., No. 351; Ep. Ind., i, p. 112.
page 540 note 3 Kielhorn, Ep. Ind., ii, p. 11. Bhera-ghāṭ Inscr. of Alhana-devī (Cedi-saṃ. 907), 1. 11, “Kiraḥ kīravad āsa pañjaragṛhe Hūṇaṇḫ praharṣaṃ jahau.”
page 541 note 1 Wilson, , Theatre of the Hindus, vol. ii, p. 165Google Scholar; Telang, , Mudrārākṇṣasa, p. xxxiiGoogle Scholar.
page 542 note 1 Vide reff. in Fleet, Topographical List.
page 542 note 2 Ibid.
page 542 note 3 J.E.A.S., 1900, p. 107.