This paper reports a diary study of rendezvousing as performed by university students. The study compares students' performance when meeting at familiar and unfamiliar rendezvous points. It reports various findings that help to set goals for the development of personal navigation and related services at appropriate levels. For example, when meeting at novel rendezvous points, students: (i) fail to meet as initially agreed more frequently; (ii) report more stress and lost opportunity as a result of rendezvousing problems; (iii) change plan during the rendezvous more often; (iv) communicate more about the rendezvous, particularly using text messaging; (v) attribute rendezvousing problems to lack of geographic and travel information more often, and to additional, spontaneous tasks such as ‘popping to the bank’ less often. Meetings at novel rendezvous points are also more likely to include acquaintances and strangers.

Although AIS is already in use in a range of vessels, there has been little public discussion on how AIS should interact with the COLREGS in practice. The objective of this paper is to make a contribution to that debate, while recognising that “best practice” will evolve as more practical experience is obtained. The paper suggests the approach that should be adopted in several areas, but concludes that, overall, AIS is nothing more than one of several tools that should enable mariners to fulfil their existing obligations under the COLREGS.

The last few years have seen a rapid growth of applications based on positioning information provided by satellite positioning systems. In transport management and control, satellite positioning has proven to be the most promising means for spatial location data collection. With the GPS modernisation programme well underway, and the recent developments of the Galileo project, even more GNSS-based applications are to be expected in the future. One such GNSS-based application is the use of position and velocity information as the prime input to a road user charging (RUC) scheme. However, navigation in urban environments raises a number of problems. Most important are the difficulties related to signal obstruction by features such as tall buildings, urban canyons, bridges and trees, as well as the effects of multipath caused by signal reflections from buildings and other vehicles. Given the inevitable limitations of road trials, the use of simulation modelling to assess the present and future satellite positioning systems' performance to support urban RUC seems indispensable. The main objective of the research undertaken at the University of Nottingham Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy (IESSG), and the Nottingham Centre for Infrastructure (NCI), was to develop a tool to simulate GPS for Satellite Positioning-based Road User Charging (SPRUC). In this regard, an existing GPS simulator was modified to rectify one of its major weaknesses, namely the inability to address properly the change in non-static GPS measurements with respect to changes in built environment. For this purpose, state-of-the-art Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software was used to complement the simulator, and consequently a seamless interface between the two software has been developed. Finally, in order to provide a prime input to the simulator, field tests have been undertaken and significant amounts of GPS data were collected. Statistics were also derived for positioning accuracy and signal availability so that the results from the simulation modelling can be validated against those from the undertaken road trials.

Separation schemes together with Vessel Traffic Services improve existing standards. Since their role has proved to be rather passive it is assumed that the introduction of active measures could be beneficial and improvement in terms of collision or accident risk reduction is expected. The concept raises a wide variety of problems that are to be discussed, defined and solved.

This paper was first presented by the author, the National Secretary of NUMAST, at the RIN's conference on maritime Automatic Identification Systems (AIS 03) held at Church House, London, on 24/25 November 2003.

This paper formed the basis of a highly successful talk at the RIN's AIS 03 in Church House London on 24th/25th November 2003. The authors are Tees Bay Pilots and have used their expertise and knowledge to survey and examine the introduction and progress of AIS.

Licensed mariners carried out two simulated navigation studies testing electronic chart and information display systems (ECDIS) against paper chart navigation. In the first study, six mariners each completed approaches to Halifax, Nova Scotia, harbour with good and bad visibility and a range of wind and currents. Conditions included chart with radar, ECDIS with radar overlay and ECDIS with separate radar. ECDIS produced better performance and a smaller workload than paper charts and the radar overlay was slightly better than the separate radar display. In the second study, six new mariners completed exercises with low visibility and heavy or light radar traffic using ECDIS with radar overlay, ECDIS without overlay and ECDIS with optional overlay. Mariners preferred the optional overlay but all three conditions produced about equal performance. Based on mariners' performance and expressed preference, we recommend that ECDIS systems provide optional radar overlays.

The Strait of Istanbul which constitutes one of the major and busiest seaways in the world links the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, it is a narrow “S-shaped” channel, open day and night for international shipping. Currents and darkness are the two dominant factors causing marine casualties in the Bosphorus. In this regard, Yenikoy and Umuryeri (or Umur Banki) are the two critical areas where most of the stranding and grounding casualties occur as vessels negotiate sharp turns (80° at Yenikoy, 70° at Umuryeri). The casualty case investigations reveal that in most of the incidents, vessels lose their manoeuvrability in the course of taking a sharp turn with the current. The number of casualties occurring in darkness was found to be nearly twice the number of occurring in daylight. A total of 461 marine casualties of different types occurred in this tricky strip of water during the period 1953–2002, the majority being collisions. Since 1994 when the TSS was introduced there have been 82 marine casualties the majority of which have been groundings/strandings.

This paper examines marine casualties in-depth in relation to casualty types, numbers of ships, the localities where most incidents occur, and external factors such as currents and darkness that contribute to marine casualties in the Strait. The major factors are deduced in order to suggest possible solutions.

Air traffic controllers use a radar separation minimum when keeping aircraft safely apart. The choice of minimum needs to ensure, to a very high degree of confidence, that radar inaccuracies are not putting the aircraft into a risk of collision – controllers can of course be required to use larger minima for operational reasons. A particular separation minimum necessarily feeds back into requirements on radar design criteria, data processing and performance. The estimation of the radar separation minimum is significantly improved by the use of a new methodology. Previous derivations were a major step forward, but were ‘static’, in that they did not attempt to take properly into account how controllers use separation minima dynamically. An analysis on the use of separation minima in en route airspace by controllers concludes that they are generally likely to use the radar minimum to pass aircraft, rather than to use the minimum in a ‘strategic’ sense (e.g. ‘in trail’ separation). The new ‘Event Model’ methodology recognises that collisions cannot happen instantly: the aircraft pair concerned must move from a safe configuration to a hazardous one. Collisions are therefore events caused by flawed flight paths, dependent on both the initial positions of aircraft and their subsequent movements and velocities.

A review of safety targets for en route ATC radar separation suggests that the existing target level of safety (TLS) is over-cautious. If risk budgeting principles are followed consistently, a ‘radar TLS’ of 1·0×10−9 fatal aircraft accidents per flying hour is appropriate. This rate is consistent with Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) guidance on system failure conditions leading to catastrophic accidents. Dynamic and static calculations using published data are compared. The new methodology shows where there are problems with the traditional static calculations, and how to improve the estimation. A further improvement introduces a simple robust model of the controller's decision processes. The focus is not on describing what controllers would generally do, but on setting criteria based on what they could not reasonably be expected to do. This additional ingredient into the calculation adds realism and ensures that attention is focused on hazardous correlated errors. Focused data collection would be an essential component of new risk estimates. The key information required would be on radar performance and the nature and frequency of use of radar separation, including the relative velocities for proximate events at closest point of approach and the frequency of correlated gross errors (through a conditional probability factor). If this factor is not properly taken into account, then the data collection and analysis could be inefficient.

Under some circumstances, dependent on a ship's velocity, the wave period and wave direction, certain courses induce heavy rolling and must be avoided. This paper proposes a computational method for the solution of optimal control problems in ship routing for ships with such limited manoeuvrability. Known results for the control problem of Bolza with additional constraints are interpreted in terms of this new problem. This approach is equivalent to the application of Pontryagin's maximum principle. The method is an extension of an earlier method dealing with the meteorological navigation of ships with unrestricted manoeuvrability and gives a more realistic picture of what really could happen in practice.

Predicting the tide in four ports, the Admiralty Tide Table (ATT) came out in early 1833. The table was for London and three naval dockyards. The observations at those dockyards, from which the ATT was first made, have recently come to light (Anonymous, 1833). This paper exposes the circumstance of the tables' construction; it is also an analysis of the later part of the observation series. The analysis is a comparison of the difference between observation and contemporary prediction, and to tides synthesised from the modern method. The ATT were only admitted into production after comparisons were made to its competitors. Those comparisons were for London alone and a recent study also concentrates on that one area. This study extends comparison to the remaining three-quarters of the early ATT: to Sheerness, Portsmouth and Plymouth.

This paper outlines the design of a Vessel Traffic Management and Information System (VTMIS) for the Turkish Straits and taking this as an example shows how modelling and simulation may aid safe and efficient navigation of vessels through waterways which are narrow and winding with changing currents and are therefore difficult to navigate and prone to accidents. Ship Handling and Vessel Traffic Flow simulation models and Hyrographic Prediction model are described and the simulation trials conducted under different traffic and environment conditions are discussed to show the role that these prediction and simulation programmes can play in preventing marine casualities in different waterways, which may result in loss of human lifes and property and contamination of the environment.

This Anderson Memorial Lecture was given to the Boscombe Down branch of the Institute on 19 February 2004. In the lecture Pinky Grocott, a distinguished navigator and past President of the Institute, recounts the history of the formation of Ferry Command set up to ensure the safe and efficient delivery of aircraft from North America to the UK during World War II. He then provides personal insights into his role as a young first-tour RAF navigator employed in the Command and describes the contemporary navigation practice.

The aim is try to understand how aircraft flying on adjacent routes using precision area navigation, meeting Required Navigation Performance and under air traffic control, ought to be addressed by safety studies, given the increasing importance of blunders.

The issues in this paper are a continuation of those presented previously by the authors in The Journal. In this paper we discuss the changes in maritime navigation and their consequences. We show the changes taking place in the ship's navigation process and in development of Maritime Navigation Safety and Efficiency System (MNSES). The relations between these two processes are examined. As the result, a probable scope of the competencies required by future navigators is proposed.

Air traffic in Europe is increasing at a rapid rate and traffic patterns no longer display pronounced daily peaks but instead exhibit peak spreading. Airspace capacity planning can no longer be for the peak period but must consider the whole day. En route airspace capacity in the high density European air traffic network is determined by controller workload. Controller workload is primarily affected by the features of the air traffic and ATC sector. This paper considers the air traffic and ATC sector factors that affect controller workload throughout the whole day. A simulation study using the widely used Reorganized ATC Mathematical Simulator (RAMS) model of air traffic controller workload is conducted for the Central European Air Traffic Services (CEATS) Upper Area Control Centre region of Europe. A cross-sectional time series analysis of the simulation output is conducted with corrections for temporal autocorrelation in the data. The results indicate that a subset of traffic and sector variables and their parameter estimates can be used to predict controller workload in any sector of the CEATS region in any given hour.

Current Eurocontrol Safety Regulation Commission (SRC) policy says that the Air Traffic Management (ATM) system (including safety minima) must be demonstrated through risk assessments to meet the Target Level of Safety (TLS) without needing to take safety nets (such as Short Term Conflict Alert) into account. This policy is wrong. The policy is invalid because it does not build rationally and consistently from ATM's firm foundations of TLS and hazard analysis. The policy is bad because it would tend to retard safety improvements. Safety net policy must rest on a clear and rational treatment of integrated ATM system safety defences. A new safety net policy, appropriate to safe ATM system improvements, is needed, which recognizes that safety nets are an integrated part of ATM system defences. The effects of safety nets in reducing deaths from mid-air collisions should be fully included in hazard analysis and safety audits in the context of the TLS for total system design.

With the European Commission (EC) and European Space Agency's (ESA) plans to develop a new satellite navigation system, Galileo and the modernisation of GPS well underway the integrity of such systems is as much, if not more, of a concern as ever. Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) refers to the integrity monitoring of the GPS/Galileo navigation signals autonomously performed by the receiver independent of any external reference systems, apart from the navigation signals themselves. Quality measures need to be used to evaluate the RAIM performance at different locations and under various navigation modes, such as GPS only and GPS/Galileo integration, etc. The quality measures should include both the reliability and localizability measures. Reliability is used to assess the capability of GPS/Galileo receivers to detect the outliers while localizability is used to determine the capability of GPS/Galileo receivers to correctly identify the detected outlier from the measurements processed.

Within this paper, the fundamental equations required for effective outlier detection and identification algorithms are described together with the measures of reliability and localizability. Detailed simulations and analyses have been performed to assess the performances of GPS only and integrated GPS/Galileo navigation solutions with respect to reliability and localizability. Simulation results show that, in comparison with the GPS-only solution, the localizability of the integrated GPS/Galileo solution can be improved by up to 270%. The results also indicate an expectation of a considerable increase in the sensitivity to outliers and accuracy of their estimation with the augmentation of the Galileo system with the existing GPS system.

Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS)-based inertial technology has recently evolved. It holds remarkable potential as the future technology for various navigation related applications. This is mainly due to the significant reduction in size, cost, and weight of MEMS sensors. A major drawback of low-cost MEMS-based inertial sensors, however, is that their output signals are contaminated by high-level noise. Unless the high frequency noise component is suppressed, optimizing the pre-filtering methodology cannot be achieved. This paper proposes a neural network-based de-noising model for MEMS-based inertial data. A modular, three-layer feedforward neural network trained using the back-propagation algorithm is used for this purpose. Simulated and real MEMS-based inertial data sets are used to validate the model. It is shown that the model is capable of reducing the noise of the Crossbow's AHRS300CA IMU data by over one order of magnitude without altering the stochastic nature of the original signal. This is of utmost importance in developing a generic stochastic model for MEMS-based inertial data. A comparison between the developed neural network model and the wavelet de-noising method is made to further validate the model. It is shown that achieving the same level of noise suppression with wavelet-based de-noising model changes the stochastic characteristics of original signal.