This study sought to evaluate the incidence, aetiology, clinical features and treatment modalities for laryngocoele formation after supracricoid partial laryngectomy.

The medical charts of 62 patients who had undergone supracricoid partial laryngectomy were reviewed.

Three patients developed laryngocoele, giving an incidence of 4.8 per cent. Two of these patients presented with a cervical mass, dyspnoea and fever. The mobility of the arytenoids was disturbed on the involved side. The third patient was admitted complaining only of a compressible cervical mass. In all patients, diagnosis was made by computed tomography scan. The transcervical surgical approach was preferred for resection.

Laryngocoele can occur as a late complication of supracricoid partial laryngectomy. Remnants of the laryngeal ventricle may be the cause of laryngocoele formation. The integrity of the laryngeal ventricle in the resected specimen should be routinely checked in order to avoid this rare complication. Clinicians should be aware that, following supracricoid partial laryngectomy, a cervical mass presenting with dyspnoea and disturbance of arytenoid mobility does not always indicate tumour recurrence.

There is a clear clinical need to reliably detect residual cholesteatoma after canal wall up mastoid surgery. Ideally, this would be achieved through non-invasive radiological means rather than second-look surgery, thus preventing morbidity in those patients in whom no residual disease is found.

We describe a case in which non-echo-planar, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences were used pre-operatively, and compared with subsequent surgical findings. This case highlights both the potential of this increasingly popular magnetic resonance technique and also its current limitations.

Various magnetic resonance sequencing types have been employed to try to reliably detect residual cholesteatoma, each with varying success. Non-echo-planar, fast-spin echo, diffusion-weighted sequences currently appear to be the most reliable at detecting even the smallest pearl of cholesteatoma, down to 2 mm in diameter. In our unit, a propeller, diffusion-weighted image sequence is employed on a GE Signa scanner. However, both this case study and other reports show that the accuracy of the technique is not 100 per cent. This begs the question of how much one can rely on the findings of such techniques when deciding whether second-look surgery is indicated. Scan-negative patients will require continued follow up as, at the time of imaging, residual disease may not have reached a detectable size.

We report an unusual case of dizziness caused by carbon monoxide poisoning.

A 55-year-old man was referred to an ENT surgeon with dizziness. The patient described vague, non-specific symptoms not consistent with a diagnosis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, labyrinthitis or Ménière's disease. It emerged later that the patient had been suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning from a leaky gas hot water boiler in his house. After having the boiler fixed, the patient's symptoms completely resolved.

When the more common causes of dizziness cannot be found, less common but important differential diagnoses, such as carbon monoxide poisoning, should be considered.

We modified and abbreviated a pre-existing research questionnaire, the Tonsil and Adenoid Health Status Instrument, to make it suitable for rapid completion as a disease-specific, health-related quality of life research tool for children with tonsil and adenoid disease in the UK. We determined the main psychometric properties of the resulting 14-item Paediatric Throat Disorders Outcome Test.

Pre- and post-operative questionnaires were completed by the parents of children with throat disorders referred to two large hospitals. We included children with recurrent tonsillitis and with obstructive sleep apnoea. A separate cohort of healthy children of comparable age range was also studied.

The test's internal consistency and responsiveness were analysed and its construct validity documented via known-group differences.

A total of 126 completed questionnaires were received from the hospital referral group. The children's mean age was 6.5 years (range one to 16). The 40 unaffected children were well matched in age to the study population (mean 6.1 years, range two to 15). Cronbach's α coefficient for the pre-operative assessment total score was 0.84. The test–retest reliability coefficient for the total score was 0.98, indicating very high reproducibility. The 14-item Paediatric Throat Disorders Outcome Test discriminated well between children known to suffer with throat problems and a group of healthy controls (p < 0.0001; t = 24.016). Six months after surgical intervention, parentally reported questionnaire scores had improved (i.e. were lower) (p < 0.0001; t = 7.01). The standard effect size (i.e. change in mean divided by baseline standard deviation) for children for whom post-operative questionnaires were completed was 1.53; this is very large.

The 14-item Paediatric Throat Disorders Outcome Test is an appropriate, disease-specific, parent-reported outcome measure for children with throat disorders, for which we have demonstrated internal consistency, reliability, responsiveness to change and two forms of construct validity.

Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer is a multifactorial disease caused by various carcinogens such as tobacco, alcohol and viruses. Likewise, oxidative stress is known to cause aberrations in the cell membrane and DNA, leading to cancer. We conducted this prospective study in order to evaluate the level of oxidative stress in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer patients.

Fifty patients with laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer and 40 control subjects were selected. Serum malondialdehyde concentrations and ferric reducing antioxidant power were assessed, in order to evaluate oxidative stress. Results were analysed by Student's t-test.

Malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher and ferric reducing antioxidant power lower in the cancer patients, compared with the controls, indicating higher oxidative stress in the former. There was no statistically significant difference in malondialdehyde concentration or ferric reducing antioxidant power, comparing patients with versus without neck secondaries, and patients with early stage versus late stage tumours.

Oxidative stress may have a role to play in the initiation of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers, especially in patients with other risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use.

Variations of the normal anatomy of the aortic great vessels can lead to severe complications if not recognised pre- or peri-operatively. One such anomaly is a high-riding aberrant innominate artery.

Retrospective review of case series.

We present our experience with seven patients in whom a high aberrant innominate artery was encountered just before or during open tracheotomy. We describe a procedure designed to protect the artery from erosion due to the tracheotomy tube, using an inferiorly based, U-shaped flap from the anterior tracheal wall averted over the innominate artery.

None of the patients had any bleeding from the tracheotomy site, during a follow-up period of nine to 46 months.

The technique described is simple to perform and prevents any damage to a high aberrant innominate artery, as assessed over a long follow-up period.

Total laryngectomy affects patients' post-operative speech and swallowing functions. We aimed to assess these outcomes.

Patients' normalcy of diet, ability to eat in public and speech comprehensibility were assessed using the Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer, in a cross-sectional survey of disease-free laryngectomees.

Seventy-nine laryngectomees (72 men and seven women), with a mean age of 64 years (range 37 to 96), were included. Mean scores were 81.6 (standard deviation 29.2) for normalcy of diet, 77.8 (standard deviation 30.2) for eating in public and 65.2 (standard deviation 23.5) for speech. Normalcy of diet achieved higher scores within six months of laryngectomy and remained stable. There was a statistically significant difference between scores for the speech and public eating domains, comparing patients less and more than six months post-laryngectomy. This trend was maintained beyond 12 months.

In post-laryngectomy patients, Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer scores improved over time, especially those for the speech and public eating domains, reflecting increasing confidence in social interactions and familiarity with surgical voice restoration.

To report a rare condition affecting the temporal bone. Immunoglobulin G4 related systemic sclerosing disease is a recently described autoimmune condition with manifestations typically involving the pancreas, biliary system, salivary glands, lungs, kidneys and prostate. Histologically, it is characterised by T-cell infiltration, fibrosis and numerous immunoglobulin G4-positive plasma cells. This condition previously fell under the umbrella diagnosis of inflammatory pseudotumour and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour.

We present the case of a 58-year-old woman with multiple inflammatory masses involving the pharynx, gall bladder, lungs, pelvis, omentum, eyes and left temporal bone, over a seven-year period. We describe this patient's unusual clinical course and pathological features, which resulted in a change of diagnosis from metastatic inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour to immunoglobulin G4 related systemic sclerosing disease. We also review the literature regarding the management of inflammatory pseudotumours of the temporal bone, and how this differs from the management of immunoglobulin G4 related systemic sclerosing disease.

We would recommend a full review of all histological specimens in patients with a diagnosis of temporal bone inflammatory pseudotumour or inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour. Consideration should be given to immunohistochemical analysis for anaplastic lymphoma kinase and immunoglobulin G4, with measurement of serum levels of the latter. Management of the condition is medical, with corticosteroids and immunosuppression, rather than surgical excision.

A variety of treatment modalities are currently used to treat recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. We aimed to study the efficacy of radiofrequency cold ablation (coblation) for the treatment of laryngotracheal recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, by comparing treatment intervals for coblation and CO2 laser vaporisation.

Retrospective case series of adult patients with advanced laryngotracheal recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

Six patients were treated for at least two years by CO2 laser vaporisation with or without intralesional cidofovir. All six subsequently underwent treatment with radiofrequency coblation with or without intralesional cidofovir. Coblation resulted in longer periods between interventions, compared with CO2 laser (p = 0.03).

Radiofrequency coblation appears to be an attractive alternative technique to CO2 laser for the surgical treatment of advanced laryngotracheal papillomata.

Jugular foramen schwannomas are rare skull base tumours which typically have a variable clinical presentation. Glossopharyngeal syncope syndrome is an unusual clinical presentation; in the following case report, it was the sole presentation of an extracranial jugular foramen tumour.

The presentation of a patient with glossopharyngeal neuralgia syncope syndrome is reviewed and the pathophysiology, clinical features and treatment discussed.

A 45-year-old woman presented with unilateral throat pain, bradycardia and hypotension leading to episodes of impaired consciousness when lying on her left side or turning her head to the left. Imaging detected a left-sided extracranial jugular foramen schwannoma. The tumour was excised, and the patient had no more syncopal attacks.

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia syncope syndrome can be the sole presentation of a jugular foramen schwannoma. Although this syndrome may be treated with anti-dysrhythmic drugs, cardiac pacing or nerve section, in the presented patient excision of the jugular foramen schwannoma was successful in preventing further episodes of syncope.

Telomere length must be maintained throughout cancer cell progression and proliferation. In most tumours, telomerase activity maintains telomere length. Therefore, telomerase is a target for cancer treatments. However, some cancer cells maintain telomere length through an alternative mechanism termed ‘alternative lengthening of telomeres’. To determine how telomerase inhibition relates to the initiation of the alternative lengthening of telomeres pathway, we investigated telomerase activity and telomere maintenance in Hep-2 cells with and without reduced telomerase activity.

We investigated telomerase activity levels in a normal Hep-2 cell line and in residual cells following telomerase inhibition treatment. Additionally, we looked for expression of a marker protein for the alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism.

In the residual cells, telomerase activity was eliminated. However, these cells had higher levels of the alternative lengthening of telomeres biomarker, suggesting an alternative mechanism for telomere maintenance following telomerase inhibition. These results could have a major impact on the design of new cancer treatments.

Chorda tympani injury as a complication of middle-ear surgery has been extensively studied with regard to its effects upon taste. However, the chorda tympani also carries parasympathetic fibres to the salivary glands of the oral cavity. To date, little has been reported about the effect of chorda tympani section upon salivary function.

Tertiary care centre.

We report a case series of three patients with bilateral chorda tympani lesions. Chorda tympani function was assessed using ‘taste strips’ and unstimulated sialometry. A careful history of oral symptoms was taken.

All patients showed transient or permanent bilateral ageusia of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and a decreased resting salivary flow rate. In addition, all patients suffered from transient or persistent, distressing xerostomia.

Taste disorders may occur after middle-ear surgery but they are mostly transient, even when the chorda tympani nerves are sectioned bilaterally. In contrast, bilateral chorda tympani lesions may lead to severe, persistent and distressing xerostomia. Based on this neglected aspect of chorda tympani function, we emphasise the importance of preserving the chorda tympani whenever possible.

To identify patients undergoing arteriography to verify vascular complications of tonsillectomy, with an emphasis on pseudoaneurysm.

We undertook a retrospective analysis of the case records of 8837 patients who had undergone tonsillectomy between 1988 and 2004 at our institution, together with a review of expert reports written for professional boards and civil courts as well as personal experiences or communication. We also conducted a literature review using the PubMed database.

We identified seven cases with vascular abnormalities. In addition, we identified three cases of pseudoaneurysm formation, involving two children and one adult patient, with bleeding 21, 36 and 58 days after tonsillectomy. Successful management included embolisation (two patients) and revision surgery (one patient).

Post-tonsillectomy pseudoaneurysm formation is extremely rare and unrestricted by age. Correct diagnosis depends largely on a high index of clinical suspicion. Delayed and repeated episodes of gushing haemorrhage with spontaneous cessation appear to be a significant clinical marker. Immediate arteriography, with simultaneous embolisation, is highly recommended. The lingual artery is the most commonly involved vessel.

To assess the efficacy of radiologically guided balloon dilatation for the treatment of dysphagia secondary to neopharyngeal strictures in patients who have undergone laryngectomy.

Retrospective case series.

Twenty consecutive patients with pharyngeal stricture and dysphagia following total laryngectomy or pharyngolaryngectomy. Patients underwent balloon dilatation of the stricture under radiological guidance. The main outcome measure was maintenance of swallowing.

Five patients gained relief of their dysphagia with one balloon dilatation only. Nine patients required more than one dilatation to maintain swallowing. Two patients had balloon dilatation procedures and stent insertion for palliative relief of dysphagia from known recurrent malignant disease. Three patients failed to maintain swallowing with repeat dilatations. No patients suffered any significant complications such as perforation.

Radiologically guided balloon dilatation is minimally invasive and safe. It is well tolerated. It may be repeated frequently, and can successfully relieve pharyngeal strictures in patients who have undergone total laryngectomy or pharyngolaryngectomy.

Management of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is often based on clinical parameters, with little appreciation of the underlying tumour biology. Single biological marker studies fail to acknowledge the complexity of these tumours. Our aim was to define a profile of biological markers associated with outcome.

This retrospective study involved consecutive patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with primary radiotherapy between 1996 and 2001. Pre-treatment biopsies were used to study the immunohistochemical expression of nine biological markers. Markers were chosen to reflect biologically relevant pathways.

Following analysis of nine markers, a profile of two markers was derived (carbonic anhydrase 9 and major vault protein), the co-expression of which conferred a significantly poor probability of locoregional control. The prognostic effect of these biomarkers in combination was greater than their effect individually.

Biomarker profiles can be established which highlight large differences in locoregional control. Identifying tumours that express both carbonic anhydrase 9 and major vault protein may facilitate patient selection for more aggressive treatment.

Malignant otitis externa is a life-threatening infection of the skull base. Its presentation is not always typical.

We report three cases of malignant otitis externa which illustrate the diversity of its clinical manifestations and the difficulties in its diagnosis.

The perception of malignant otitis externa as an infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in diabetic patients is not always correct. The adoption of diagnostic criteria could be helpful in identifying atypical cases.

To demonstrate diagnostic imaging of an extremely rare presentation of bilateral narrow duplication of the internal auditory canal.

An adolescent boy with profound sensorineural hearing loss presented for hearing rehabilitation. Imaging studies (i.e. multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) clearly demonstrated bilateral duplication of the internal auditory canals, with narrowing of the lower canals, unilateral cochlear and vestibular dysplasia, bilateral superior semicircular canal malformation, and bilateral absence of the posterior semicircular canals.

To our knowledge, this is only the third such case described in the literature. Considering that the vestibulocochlear nerve has been unable to be demonstrated in almost all cases of duplicated internal auditory canal (unilateral and bilateral), our case supports the hypothesis that vestibulocochlear nerve aplasia or hypoplasia leads to internal auditory canal stenosis. We consider this rare presentation of bilateral narrow duplication of the internal auditory canal to represent a contraindication for cochlear implantation.

It is well known that laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is strongly related to tobacco and alcohol consumption. Accumulating evidence suggests that alterations of detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferases and N-acetyltransferases, influence the risk of cancers associated with tobacco smoke and alcohol.

This was a retrospective case–control study. The study group consisted of 88 Greek patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma; there were also 102 control subjects. Frequencies of the genotypes GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTM3 and NAT2 were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment polymorphism.

The distribution of overall genotypes was 55.68 per cent rapid acetylator and 44.32 per cent slow acetylator in patients, and 36.27 per cent rapid acetylator and 63.72 per cent slow acetylator in controls. The odds ratio for rapid acetylator status in cases versus controls was 2.207 (95 per cent confidence interval 1.23–3.95, p = 0.0087).

This study demonstrated a significant relationship between rapid acetylator genotypes and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a Greek population.