By feeding infected flesh to experimental animals, and examining the stomach contents of the latter at varying periods after feeding, various workers have shown that Trichinella larvae are released from their cysts within one or two hours after reaching the stomach of the experimental host. (Bugge, 1934, Heller, 1933, 1934, Kreis, 1937.) The actual release of the larvae from the cysts has not been followed, though Kreis (1937) on the basis of the appearance of stained cysts recovered a short time after ingestion, suggests that the larvae are released not only by the action of the gastric juice of the host, but also as a result of secretory activity by the larvae themselves within the cysts.

The histochemical site and distribution of hexokinase, glycogen phosphorylase (GP Rylase), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (key enzymes of glycolysis), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) (pentose phosphate shunt enzymes), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KDH) (key enzymes of Krebs' cycle), malate synthetase (MS) and isocitrate lyase (IL) (enzymes of glyoxylate shunt) in various tissues of Ganeo tigrinum from hibernating and non-hibernating Rana cyanophlyctis and R. tigrina were studied. Differences in their intensities were revealed. Weak activity of GP Rylase and strong activity of hexokinase in flukes from non-hibernating hosts indicates that they utilize glucose through glycolysis for energy turnover. Intense GP Rylase and weak hexokinase activity in worms from hibernating hosts indicates the utilization of glycogen. Strong activity of IDH, SDH, MDH, α-KGD, MS and IL was demonstrable in the tissues of flukes from non-hibernating hosts, suggesting that Krebs' cycle and glyoxylate shunt, respectively, were operating. Tissues of the fluke from hibernating hosts, on the other hand, displayed positive activity only for SDH and MDH; no activity for MS and IL, the enzymes of glyoxylate shunt, was observed, The activity of the above enzymes was found to be relatively low in worms from hibernating hosts.

According to Miyazaki (1974), 25 species belonging to the genus Paragonimus have been found in the world. In Japan, five species of the lung flukes, viz., P. westermani, P. ohirai, P. iloktsuenensis, P. miyazakii and P. sadoensis have been known up to date. P. ohirai metacercariae are found in the liver, and in the body and leg muscles of the brackish water crabs, Sesarma (Holometopus) dehaani, S. (H.) haematocheir, S. (Sesarma) intermedium, Helice tridens tridens and Chasmagnathus convexus.

Tests were conducted using a capillary microbalance to estimate the errors introduced as a result of weighing out replicate cyst batches in place of counting.

Experiments with differently sized samples showed that the normal relationship between sample size and accuracy applied to such cases, the error for samples of 100 cysts being usually of the order of less than 10%. There is some evidence that the errors in cyst number introduced as a result of weighing is reflected by an increased error in the larval count, although under the conditions of experiment the increase was barely significant. It is suggested that if replication is increased by 50% or 100% then errors due to inequality in cyst numbers are more than counteracted.

There is a definitely significant correlation between the worm-burden and the live-weight increase of grazing sheep.

Previous experiments on the application of ferric oxide or of calciumcyanamide to “potato-sick” land were carried out at the Kirton Agricultural Institute. The results were reported by Hurst & Franklin (1937), and indicated that ferric oxide had no effect either on the yield of potatoes or on the hatching of H. schachtii larvae, but that calcium cyanamide showed promise and was worthy of further trial. Experiments with this chemical were, by the kind permission of Mr. J. C. Wallace, Principal of the Kirton Agricultural Institute, and with the co-operation of Mr. J. Wood, A.R.C.S., continued for a second year.

In the original paper dealing with this interesting nematode a fairly complete account was given of its discovery, its life-history in the free-living condition and within the host. In addition, its effect on the host, whereby flies of both sexes are sterilised owing to its presence, was also described. Its occurrence in both the stem and panicle generations of frit-flies attacking oats was recorded and figures were presented showing the incidence of infection in flies of these two generations. At the same time the inference was drawn that the parasite must also occur in the over-wintering generation of the frit-fly, larvæ of which attack wild grasses or winter cereals. Observations were therefore necessary on flies of this generation emerging during 1930 to prove conclusively the presence of the parasite. These observations are dealt with in the present paper and figures are given showing the degree of infestation in both male and female flies.

(Based on 20 specimens and measurements on 5). Body oval to spherical, with a conical bluntly rounded anterior end, 0·783–1·017 long, 0·551–0·756 wide at midbody. Cuticle smooth. Oral sucker absent. Mouth large, subterminal, opening through a funnel-like opening into a muscular, well developed pharynx, 0·064–0·100 in diameter. Oesophagus indistinct; intestine rhabdocoel, prominent, extending to posterior level of testis. Ventral adhesive disc well developed, 0·646–0·852x0·551–0·756, occupying major portion of ventral surface of the worm, divided into 27 alveoli in two rows, 19 in peripheral and 8 in central row. Alveoli well developed, muscular. Marginal organs 19, prominent. Testis single, large, entire, almost always occupying the central position in the body, 0·192–0·275x0·233–0·371.

Immunological memory generated by infection with S. ratti was studied separately in the migratory and intestinal phases in mice. Protection against reinfection in the migratory phase was 96–98% at 2 weeks but significantly decreased to 60% at 12 weeks after the primary infection. However, protection in the intestinal phase was 96% even 12 weeks after the primary infection. Recall of immunity against the intestinal phase persists for longer than that against the migratory phase in mice.

The specimens here described were contained in cysts from the heart of a Bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus) submitted for examination by A. J. Stent, Esq., of the Vizara Rubber Plantation, Nyasaland Similar lesions have been reported by others from the heart of the Kudu (Strepsiceros kudu) in the same region, but no opportunity of examining these has occurred.

In February, 1951, several nematode worms belonging to the family Quimperiidae Baylis, 1980, were collected from the intestine of the catfish, Mystus cavasius procured from the local fish market. Since the worms could not be identified with any of the known genera of Quimperiidae, the writers studied the parasite in detail, and after consulting the relevant literature, came to the conclusion that the worms were new to science. It has been felt necessary to create a new genus and a new species for its reception. The following account of the parasite is based on a large number of worms which were collected on different occasions.

Planorbis leucostoma Millet has been found to be a natural intermediate host for Paramphistomum hiberniae in the Channel Islands.

In May 1967 206 specimens (♂: ♀=1:1) of a nematode species were collected from the small intestine of a Pardofelis marmorata marmorata.

Twelve species of digenetic trematodes are reported from birds from North Borneo (Malaysia). A new genus and species described is Transversohelmins borneoensis (Heterophyidae) from Charadrius leschenaultii. Three new species described are Echinoparyphium borneoense (Echinostomatidae) from Amaurornis phoenicurus, Episthmium borneoense (Echinostomatidae) from Alcedo menil:ting verreauxii, and Posthovitellum sabahense (Eumegacetidae) from Rhipidura javanica longicauda. Papillatrema sp. (Eumegacetidae) from Apus apus affinis subfurcatus is described and figured, but is not allocated to species as the specimen is immature. Previously described species reported are: Mesostephanus haliasturus Tubarigui and Masiluñgan, 1941 (Cyathocotylidae) from Haliastur indus intermedius; Acanthoparyphium ochthodromi Tubangui,1933 (Echinostomatidae) from Charadrius leschenaultii; Tanaisia (Tanaisia) fedtschenkoi Skrjabin, 1924 (Eucotylidae) from Aegithina tiphia aequanimis; T. (Tamerlania) zarudnyi Skrjabin, 1924, from Pycnonotus zeylanicus, Anthreptes malacensis borneoensis, and Argusianus argus grayi; Haplorchis taichui (Nishigori, 1924) Witenberg, 1930 (Heterophyidae) from Haliastur indus intermedius and Ketupa ketupa keptupa; Pygidiopsis marivillai Refuerzo and Garcia, 1937 (Heterophyidae) from Butorides striatus; Plagiorchis maculosus (Rudolphi, 1802) Braun, 1901 (Plagiorchiidae) from Hirundo rustica gutteralis.

On the basis of esterase localization the complete nervous system has been visualized in Olveria indica Thapar & Sinha, 1945, a paramphistome from the rumen of cattle, recorded for the first time from the north-east region of India. The basic number of posterior longitudinal nerves (i.e., 3 pairs) is the same as in other paramphistomes; four pairs of anterior longitudinal nerves are present, there being an extra pair of pharyngeal nerves. Conspicuous differences in the innervation patterns were observed, mainly in the innervation of the genital atrial region and acetabulum. The presence of prominent longitudinal connections, joining the anterior and posterior dorsal nerves and the anterior and posterior ventral nerves on either side, is a feature not hitherto found in other paramphistome species. The details of the course of all the nerves and their branches are discussed.

Les nématodes des diplopodes malgré les recherches de Leidy depuis plus d'un siècle, ont été peu étudiés par les auteurs plus récents. Au Brésil, la faune de diplopodes est très riche, et les espèces de ces arthropodes récemment décrites par le Dr. Otto Schubart sont nombreuses. Accompagnant la richesse des espèces donnant l'hospitalité, leurs espèces parasites sont considérablement nombreuses. Nos études nous ont amené à admettre une grande spécificité entre parasite et hôte. Certaines espèces de nématodes ont été référées des ”hôtes” d'espèces très éloignés systématiquement et avec une ample distribution géographique, et il nous semble que ce fait soit dû aux difficultés qu'il y a de les caractériser convenablement.

Seven mature males and as many females, mature or gravid, were taken from the large intestine of Sus leucomystax Temm. by Dr. Shozo Watanabe of the Institute of Veterinary Hygiene in Niigata Prefecture on 2nd March, 1940. A careful comparison of them with related species has revealed that they represent a distinct species, for which the name Oesophagostomum watanabei is proposed in honor of the collector.

The ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the glycocalyx of the tegument of Opisthorchis viverrini during maturation from newly excysted juvenile to adult stages were investigated using colloidal iron, ruthenium red and lectin stainings. The results showed that the glycocalyx was intensely stained by the first two dyes, thus indicating the presence of relatively high amounts of negative charges. However, the thickness and intensity of the staining decreased during the fluke's maturation. Binding studies using lectin probes on the surface of adult parasites showed that binding sites for Canavalia ensiformis (Con A), Triticum vulgaris (WGA) and Ricinus communis I(RCA I) were present in relative large amounts on the glycocalyx of the adult tegument, whereas those for Dolichos biflorus (DBA) were relatively fewer in number, and those for Ulex europaeus I (UEA I) were absent. The binding patterns of Con A, WGA, RCA I and DBA were generally similar, and the reaction product was uniformly distributed over the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the parasite's body. These bindings, therefore, indicate the presence of D-mannose/D-glucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine/sialic acid, D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues on the glycocalyx of the adult tegument.

A total of 110 cattle were examined in an area endemic for Bancroftian filariasis for the prevalence of infection of the bovine filarial parasite Setaria digitata. About 12.5% of cattle were found to harbour both adult worms in the peritoneum and microfilariae (mf) in circulation; 70% of the cattle were amicrofilaraemic but with an adult worm infection. A third group of cattle (16.5%) was free of detectable mf and adult worms. The presence of adult worms and/or mf did not influence the antibody levels to any of the four antigen preparations of S. digitata. However, there was a significant inverse relationship between the presence of antibodies to microfilarial sheaths and the absence of circulating mf as shown by the immunoperoxidase assay. Cattle immunoglobulin containing high titres of anti-sheath antibodies cleared circulating microfilariae very effectively in Mastomys coucha thus demonstrating the protective nature of anti-sheath antibodies in eliminating circulating microfilariae in vivo.