OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is a risk for World Trade Center-Lung Injury (WTC-LI; defined as developing FEV1<lower limit of normal [LLN]). Metabolic health is a modifiable disease risk factor. We propose to characterize how time-dependent covariates of MetSyn are longitudinally associated with WTC-LI. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: WTC-particulate exposed firefighters, consented, with pre-9/11 FEV1 LLN (N = 5,746). Data assessed from last pre-9/11 till August 1, 2017. Longitudinal MetSyn characteristics were assessed using 3 models: i. A linear mixed effect model to assess the effect size of longitudinal MetSyn and its components on longitudinal FEV1% predicted as an outcome; ii. a time-dependent Cox regression to assess the associations of MetSyn to time of onset of WTC-LI; iii. a novel, partially linear single index regression model with repeatedly measured MetSyn to assess their joint effects and delineate their relative contribution on the longitudinal lung function in the WTC-FDNY cohort. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In Model I, BMI 30 kg/m2 had the largest effect size compared to ever-smoking, with −2.524 (95%CI: −2.708,−2.340) compared to −1.681(−2.325,−1.038) respectively. Having MetSyn, defined as 3/5 risk factors, had an effect size of −2.319(−2.526,−2.112). In Model II, hazards of triglycerides 150mg/dL were highest at 1.497(1.336, 1.677), followed by BMI 30 kg/m2 at 1.406(1.256, 1.575), and HDL<40mg/dL 1.355(1.176-1.561), compared to ever-smoking (1.201, p = 0.002). Having high exposure to PM by being present in the morning of 9/11 was a significant covariate only in Model II investigating HDL<40mg/dL or triglycerides 150mg/dL. Model III The proposed methods will be applied to our cohort study. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: MetSyn is both a predictor and concurrent marker of WTC-LI. The single index model can not only reduce dimensionality of the covariates, but also provides efficient estimates of the joint MetSyn effects, allowing linear or nonlinear effects. Future studies will investigate dietary intervention as a potential disease-modifying factor. CONFLICT OF INTEREST DESCRIPTION: NA, nothing to disclose.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: E-values can help quantify the amount of unmeasured confounded necessary to fully explain away a relationship between treatment and outcomes in observational data. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Older patients with HL have worse outcomes than younger patients, which may reflect treatment choice (e.g., fewer chemotherapy cycles). We studied the relationship between treatment intensity and 3-year overall survival (OS) in SEER-Medicare. We calculated an E-value to quantify the unmeasured confounding needed to explain away any relationship. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This retrospective cohort study of SEER-Medicare data from 1999-2016 included 1131 patients diagnosed with advanced stage HL at age ≥65 years. Treatment was categorized as: (1) full chemotherapy regimens (‘full regimen’, n=689); (2) partial chemotherapy regimen (‘partial regimen’, n=175); (3) single chemotherapy agent or radiotherapy (‘single agent/RT’, n=102), or (4) no treatment (n=165). A multivariable Cox regression model estimated the relationship between treatment and 3-year OS, adjusting for disease and patient factors. An E-value was computed to quantify the minimum strength of association that an unmeasured confounder would need to have with both the treatment and OS to completely explain away a significant association between treatment and OS based on the multivariable model. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Results from the multivariable model found higher hazards of death for partial regimens (HR=1.81, 95% CI=1.43, 2.29), single agent/RT (HR=1.74, 95% CI=1.30, 2.34), or no treatment (HR=1.98, 95% CI=1.56, 2.552) compared to full regimens. We calculated an E-value for single agent/RT because it has the smallest HR of the treatment levels. The observed HR of 1.74 could be explained away by an unmeasured confounder that was associated with both treatment and OS with a HR of 2.29, above and beyond the measured confounders; the 95% CI could be moved to include the null by an unmeasured confounder that was associated with both the treatment and OS with a HR of 1.69. Of the measured confounders, B symptoms had the strongest relationship with treatment (HR=2.08) and OS (HR=1.38), which was below the E-value. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Patients with advanced stage HL who did not receive full chemotherapy regimens had worse 3-year OS, even after adjusting for potential confounders related to the patient and disease. The E-value analysis made explicit the amount of unmeasured confounding necessary to fully explain away the relationship between treatment and OS.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Enhancing Patient Safety for hospitalized patients is a priority for healthcare facilities, providers, and federal funding agencies. Multidisciplinary partnerships in clinical and translational research better defines the scope of complex patient-safety issues, and is part of more effectively developing interventions. The discipline represented by engineering-trained partners brings valuable perspective to patient safety problems through their training background in human factors and systems analysis. The objective of this education program was to create and implement a collaboration between engineering students and clinical providers. Through the Johns Hopkins Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, a multidisciplinary partnership was created, to identify contributing factors, and suggest novel solutions, to key patient safety problems using an ethnographic research approach. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The collaboration was formed between the following Johns Hopkins (JH) groups: (1) The Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), (2) The Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety, (3) The JH Hospital Clinical Engineering Services, (4) The Homecare Group, (5) The Masters of Science in Engineering Management Program at the Whiting School of Engineering, and (6) The JH Hospital Risk Management. All 6 provided representation to contribute to the planning, structure, and implementation of the project. The initial cohort was 24 masters students enrolled in the JHU Whiting School of engineering, and included 46% men, 54% women, and 75% international students. Students were placed in teams of 2–3 to work on 9 distinct patient safety concerns, as provided by the Armstrong Institute as priority. Potential clinical hosts from the appropriate clinical departments were vetted for feasibility and scope before students were assigned to them. Students and clinical hosts were oriented to the process. The students then spent 3–6 hours a week, for 7 weeks, observing and interacting with patients and health professionals at their specific clinical sites, conducting ethnographic research under the guidance of their hosts. Ethnographic research is the systematic investigation of a culture or system; in our application, teams were looking at the environment, culture, and its contributing factors, with respect to patient safety issues. Teams made observations, then formulated hypothesis and collected data relevant to what systems factors may be contributing to the patient safety issue. Following data collection and analyses, teams made recommendations for culture and/or systems shifts that could impact change and improve patient safety. Ethnography research process training is a tenet of the training undertaken by all Masters of Science in Engineering Management Students. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: At the end of the 7-week project, each team generated a comprehensive report suggesting potential solutions for each problem, and gave presentations on their findings to their peers, clinical hosts, and JHU steering committee representatives. Requirements on the student side included a midterm, final presentation, and report. Both students and site leaders submitted mid- and final program evaluations. Based on follow-up survey data, 71% of students said that the course may impact their career choice, 57% said the collaboration changed the way they viewed themselves, and 28% elected to continue working or were planning to work with their site in some fashion after the course ended. Nearly 60% of students believed additional funding or resources would benefit the course and 71% thought they would benefit from more or similar experiences with their clinical partners. Furthermore, 85% wanted to see the course expanded. Of the clinical hosts, 71% said that students added value, 86% believed students changed their perspective on their problem, unveiled new areas of investigation, and improved or likely would improve patient safety in their department. Seventy-one percent of hosts were actively acting on the students’ findings, and over 86% shared findings with their colleagues. Following the 7-week program, 2 teams also presented their findings to committees within the hospital departments, 2 patient-safety projects are being continued with engineering teams, and 2 new collaborative projects have been initiated. Based on the popularity of this program with the students, hosts, and teaching faculty, this will be implemented within the engineering curriculum for a second time next year. Additional outcomes data collection are currently ongoing, and we plan to continue to monitor and analyze results. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In its first year our engineering collaboration exceeded expectations. Engineering students and clinical providers successfully worked toward tangible solutions that were directly applicable to patient care. Furthermore, interactions were both personally and professionally beneficial for students while simultaneously adding value to clinical hosts. Beyond the collaboration, this initiative allowed for secondary connections between engineers and clinicians that are also have great potential for resulting in translational innovation. Despite the overwhelming success of this project, it highlighted the need for increased resources for sustainability. Our pilot highlighted a role for funding with regards to: (1) students in the execution of their projects (eg, transportation to sites, prototype materials); (2) clinical hosts, particularly protecting time to interact with and lead student teams; (3) the Armstrong Institute—to aid the identification and prioritization of high impact, patient safety projects; and (4) the ICTR for staff to facilitate placements, student orientation to the hospital setting, and program execution and maintenance. Ultimately, this collaboration addressed an unmet need for the clinical providers as well as the engineering students: thus, all partners agree that (1) the impact of this pilot would be greatly magnified by more time, longer duration, and additional resources; and (2) this collaboration could provide a useful model for approaching other complex health care problems. In terms of larger and longer-term impact, engaging engineers at the training level together with clinicians provides early exposure, and could potentially prime them to continue collaborations with clinical and translational science, across their careers.

Student Research Assistant Acknowledgements: The authors thank Manik Arora, Alexandra Morani, and Thomas Cornish -- Johns Hopkins University.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The study aims to utilize event-related potentials (ERPs) coupled with observable reports of symptoms to comprehensively understand neurological and symptomatic profile of individuals at risk for developing psychosis. The study is a short-term longitudinal design which allows for examination of course as well as structure of illness. The primary outcome is to map known neuroclinical deficits among individuals with schizophrenia onto a high-risk, non-clinical sample. A secondary aim of the study is to demonstrate prediction of symptom severity over time measured by a combination of ERPs and clinical symptom scores. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Recruited participants are pre-screened for eligibility via telephone interview. This process includes administration of Community Assessment of Psychotic Experiences (CAPE), and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). During in-person lab assessment, participants provide written informed consent and complete a battery of ERP tasks, semi-structured clinical interviews, and self-report questionnaires that assess for presence and severity of sub-threshold psychotic-like experiences. Six months following the laboratory visit, participants will be provided a link to online questionnaires that were completed during laboratory visit in order to reassess presence and severity. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The target number of participants included in this study is 60. We hope to recruit individuals who range in symptom severity as measured by CAPE. It is of interest to determine relationship among known deficits in individuals with schizophrenia and individuals exhibiting sub-clinical symptoms of psychosis. Additionally, we plan to examine ERPs and symptoms together as a “profile” of high risk psychosis, yielding more robust information about this population than any one ERP or symptom measure alone. The within subjects design of this study allows for examination of symptom progression and potential prediction of symptoms based on brain activity. Many studies examine only single ERP components thus limiting the ability to draw broader conclusions regarding general cognitive frameworks among populations. We use a combination of well-validated ERPs (i.e. P300, N400, ERN) with behavioral and symptom data in order to predict variation in symptoms over the course of 6 months. The project aims to take a novel approach at identifying high-risk profiles based on neurophysiological and behavioral data and using this as a basis for predicting symptom severity across time. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Individuals endorsing psychotic-like experiences are at heightened risk for developing a psychotic disorder in the future, and have been linked with similar social, behavioral, and emotional risk factors similar to those of schizophrenia. Subjective data (e.g. self-report, interview) sheds light on important information regarding observable symptom manifestation; however, neural measures can detect relatively subtle deficits in information processing that precede and predict overt symptom onset, which necessitates other important methodological considerations. Specifically, extant literature has shown that quantifiable indices of cognitive deficits may represent a vulnerability to psychosis in high-risk populations, and can be measured using event-related potentials (ERPs). This study integrates a psychophysiological approach by mapping neural deficits from schizophrenia onto a high-risk sample. Many studies examine only single ERP components thus limiting the ability to draw broader conclusions regarding general cognitive frameworks among populations. We use a combination of well-validated ERPs (i.e. P300, N400, ERN) with behavioral and symptom data in order to predict variation in symptoms over the course of 6 months. The project aims to take a novel approach at identifying high-risk profiles based on neurophysiological and behavioral data and using this as a basis for predicting symptom severity across time. We will parse heterogeneity within a high-risk group in order to create innovative profiles and potentially predict variation in course of symptoms. In other words, a “fingerprint” physiologic aberration may be exhibited within high-risk individuals and can be used as biomarkers to identify those at risk even before onset of observable symptoms.

Translation of critical and broadly impactful health advancements is stymied by insufficient scientific scrutiny of barriers and roadblocks in the process. The Clinical & Translational Science Award (CTSA) funding opportunity announcement released in July 2021 makes clear the distinction between translational research and translational science (TS) and urges a shift from the former to the latter. This represents a significant shift in the overall scientific direction of the CTSA program and necessitates corresponding shifts in CTSA hub operations. To better support TS, the Team Science Core of the Duke CTSA hub designed and facilitated a virtual retreat for hub personnel that (1) enabled organizational learning about TS and (2) identified anticipated challenges and opportunities. A post-retreat survey was utilized to assess the degree to which the retreat met its stated goals. Our survey received a 62% response rate; 100% of respondents would recommend the session to others. Respondents also reported gains in all areas assessed, with evidence for greater understanding of TS and increased perspective of the value and relevance of TS. In this paper, we provide a roadmap for designing and implementing facilitated TS retreats, which we argue is a key step in TS capacity building through workforce development.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Although parent involvement is recognized as an integral autism intervention component, and two-thirds of children are currently raised in 2-parent families, the majority of ASD parent research to date has focused on mother-implemented interventions, and fathers have been largely overlooked. However, fathers use interaction styles and language models that are different from mothers and may benefit children with ASD in unique ways. Thus there is a critical need in the field to expand our understanding of the potential contributions of various caregivers to communication outcomes. This investigation aimed to address this void in the research literature and contribute to clinical practice by including fathers in parent-implemented intervention, and adapting parent-implemented autism intervention to fit paternal interaction and communication styles. Specifically, this pilot study investigated the effects of a father-mediated intervention on parent use of responsive verbal and play strategies. Distal effects on child communication and pre-post changes in parental stress levels were also investigated. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A single subject, multiple baselines across strategies experiment was conducted with one dyad (i.e., father, child with ASD). In-home father coaching sessions were delivered weekly, targeting 4 responsive strategies (i.e., follow-in comments, follow-in directives, symbolic object play, rough-tumble play). Single subject designs are particularly suitable for autism interventions, as they allow for experimental control with participants who are from heterogeneous populations (McReynolds and Kearn, 1983). Child participant was 3 years, 1 month at the start of intervention and had previously received a received community diagnosis of ASD by a psychologist. Throughout the duration of the study, the child participant attended part-day community-based day care and received 20 hours per week of Applied Behavioral Analysis intervention both in-home and community daycare, as well as occupational therapy and speech-language therapy for 1 hour per week. The participating father was a biological parent who resided with the child continuously since birth. In addition, the father had no other formal parent training in communication intervention before participating. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The results of the father-implemented intervention program yielded positive results for both father and child participant. The father quickly achieved a high level of competency using 3 of the 4 targeted strategies (i.e., follow-in comments, follow-in directives, and rough-and-tumble/physical play). Follow-in comments were used more frequently than follow-in directives and rough-and-tumble play strategies were used more frequently than symbolic play. Child use of single words increased over baseline and beginning use of multiword utterances was documented. Pre-post changes in parental stress for participating father and his spouse were not significant, however patterns of change across Parental Stress Index subscales scores were noted. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This pilot investigation provided information regarding the treatment efficacy of a clinically relevant instructional program designed to enhance fathers’ ability to use responsive strategies to increase communicative acts or children with ASD. The results of this investigation advance clinical practice in the ASD field by providing intervention data relating to the efficacy of father-implemented instructional programs on child communication goals.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Prostate cancer treatment is associated with significant genitourinary side effects. There is a critical need for treatment with decreased morbidity. We report the development of a novel treatment paradigm combining irreversible electroporation and lower dose radiation to provide prostate cancer patients with a less morbid treatment. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Intermediate risk prostate cancer patients will undergo focal irreversible electroporation followed by low dose, whole gland radiation therapy. The primary endpoint is freedom from clinically significant cancer on biopsy at 12-month follow up. Secondary endpoints include safety profile, oncologic efficacy, effectiveness of RT and need for secondary treatment. This trial (NCT05345444) and currently actively recruiting patients after initial feasibility trial. Sample size is calculated to detect an increase in the proportion of patients who are cancer free at 1-year, from 0.80 to 0.95. An exact binomial test with a 10% one-sided significance level will have 94.3% power to detect the difference between the null and alternative hypothesis when the sample size is 42. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: This is a clinical trial in progress. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Combined irreversible electroporation (IRE) and a lower dose radiotherapy (RTIRE) may provide prostate cancer patients a treatment with minimal side effects.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Our project aims to assess the composition or characteristics of research papers that score high on alternative metrics. These alternative metrics including the number of newspaper mentions, social media mentions, and the attention score as catalogued on Altmetric, a tool used to document community attention for a given research paper. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Our study intends to 1) Utilize topic modeling to identify prevalent themes on Altmetric, and 2) Apply network analysis to elucidate the interconnectedness among universities, funding sources, journals, and publishers associated with high-attention papers. 3) Examine how these patterns vary when attention metrics shift, such as social media mentions, newspaper mentions, or the Altmetric score. We'll first perform this analysis on all types of papers and then limit the networks to Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, and Public and Allied Health Sciences to help inform what health topics garner attention. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our initial Altmetric topic models revealed sustained attention for COVID-19 and vaccination-related publications well beyond the pandemic (specifically, papers from January 2023). Health topics like cancer, dementia, and obesity also garnered high attention. Additionally, political papers (elections, democracy), climate change, and battery research had notable attention values. Further analysis needs to be done to explain why these topics gain attention and the type of attention they garner. We will construct networks to see the relationship between attention and entities like universities, funding sources, journals, and publishers. This will identify whether certain clusters of these entities produce papers with high attention or if attention is distributed evenly amoung them. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: To gauge the broader impact of scholarly research alternative metrics beyond citations are needed. Altmetric is used widely by CTSA’s to measure the community interest in research. Understanding the types of research that gain traction on Altmetric can help researchers understand how to garner interest from the community.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Afebrile septic patients are twice as likely to die and develop nosocomial infections as compared with those with fever; the reason for these differences is unknown. One hypothesis is that elevated temperatures directly boost immunity and inhibit microorganism growth. However, there is little data examining the clinical effects of warming septic patients. The goal of this study was to determine whether warming afebrile septic patients to fever-range hyperthermia with noninvasive forced air warmers is feasible and safe. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This is an ongoing randomized trial on afebrile mechanically ventilated patients with severe sepsis. The intervention consisted of 48 hours of external warming with a forced air warming device to a goal core temperature of 1.5°C higher than the lowest recorded temperature within the 24 hours preceding enrollment. Efficacy of the intervention and adverse event data (i.e., increases in heart rate and vasopressor doses) were collected. Clinical outcomes included 28-day mortality and acquisition of secondary infections. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In total, 18 patients were randomized to the control and warming groups, respectively. Baseline characteristics (including demographics, comorbidities, and illness severity scores) were similar among the 2 groups, except the control group had more males (61% vs. 28%, p=0.04). Median (IQR) body temperature averaged over the 48-hour intervention period was higher in the warming group [38.2 (37.6, 38.6) vs. 37.1 (36.4, 37.4) °C, p<0.001). Patients in the warming group achieved core temperatures above their goal for a median of 37 (IQR 11, 45) hours during the 48-hour intervention period. There were no differences in heart rate or vasopressor dose changes or acquisition of secondary infections between the groups. Eight (44.4%) control patients and 3 (16.7%) warmed patients died by day 28 (p=0.07). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Externally warming severe septic patients with forced air warming devices effectively raises core body temperature and is safe. Additional research will focus on cellular and immunological changes seen in warmed Versus control patients.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Access to biostatistics expertise is essential for a successful clinical and translational research program. However, demand for statistical support at academic research centers can strain the capacity of biostatistics units. Our objective was to efficiently increase access to statistical expertise. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In cooperation with the Cancer Center Biostatistics Shared Resource, we replaced an informal 1-hour drop-in consultation program with structured office hours to provide statistical support to clinical and translational researchers at the University of California, Davis Medical Center. We doubled office hours to 2 hours per week and established six 20-minute appointments. Two Ph.D. level statisticians staff office hours. Researchers schedule appointments through Acuity Scheduling, a free on-line resource. Availability of the service is advertised monthly by sending an informational flyer to various university listservs. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Prior to implementing the program in 2014, we averaged 91 office hour consults per year. Subsequently, consultations jumped to 171 in 2014 and have averaged 150 per year since then. Office hours attract students, residents, staff and faculty from a wide range of disciplines including the Schools of Medicine, Nursing, Veterinary Medicine and basic science departments. Project types span the clinical and translational spectrum covering lab, animal, clinical and population-level studies. Most consults related to data analysis and interpretation (57%) followed by sample size calculations/study design (29%) and response to reviewers (4%), with general statistical advice as the remainder. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: With 6 micro-consults per week, we can meet with many investigators and triage their statistical support needs. This program has proved very popular and was highly rated in a recent user survey, with several investigators noting that the consults facilitated successful publications and proposals.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: By outlining telehealth access disparities in the vision-impaired population, this scoping review has identified a set of effective and clinically appropriate implementation strategies and interventions for improving the technical, provider-level, and system-level accessibility of telehealth for vision-impaired patients. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Evidence-based recommendations that ensure telehealth access for vision-impaired patients are critical to reducing health disparities. This review identifies, evaluates, and proposes strategies for public and private sector stakeholders to increase telehealth access for vision-impaired patients during the pandemic and beyond. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This scoping review included five steps: 1) the implementation of an iterative search strategy using relevant keywords to query 4 electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Europe PMC) for relevant articles, 2) the application of a set of inclusion criteria to filter database results for article evaluation, 3) a quality assessment of the articles retained, 4) the extraction and summary of data from each assessed article, and 5) a narrative synthesis of the qualitative literature reviewed. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: To date, 21 articles that fit the inclusion criteria, published between 2006 and 2020, have been identified. To ensure the most robust collection of existing literature is aggregated, the iterative search strategy and inclusion criteria sorting process will be underway until December 20. The assessment of articles, and extraction and summary of data contained within said articles, will be finalized on January 20. The narrative synthesis will be complete on February 1. The poster and abstract will be complete by February 20. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Future research should examine outcomes associated with the implementation of accessible telehealth programs to identify remaining barriers. To improve outcomes for vision-impaired patients, policymakers, providers, payers, and industry must collaborate to promote accessibility in telehealth design and implementation.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Little is known about potentially obesogenic endocrine-disruptors’ effects on excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and postpartum weight retention (PPWR), which increase risk of adverse pregnancy and postnatal outcomes. We explored associations between prenatal organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure and increased weight both during and after pregnancy. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Three dimethyl (DM) and three diethyl (DE) OP metabolites were measured in spot urine samples collected at <18, 18-25, and >25 gestational weeks among 688 participants in the Generation R Study. Metabolite levels were expressed as molar concentration/gram creatinine and log10-transformed. GWG and PPWR were calculated as the difference between weight at each prenatal/postnatal visit or maximum gestational weight and pre-pregnancy weight. In covariate-adjusted regression models we assessed associations of metabolite concentrations at each prenatal visit and, where appropriate, averaged across pregnancy with early-to-mid pregnancy, mid-to-late pregnancy, late pregnancy-to-maximum, and total GWG; insufficient and excessive GWG according to Institute of Medicine guidelines; and long-term PPWR at 6 and 10 years postpartum. Based on OP pesticides’ lipophilicity and association with hypomethylation, we investigated interactions with pre-pregnancy body mass index, periconceptional folic acid supplementation, and breastfeeding duration. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A 10-fold increase in late pregnancy DE metabolite concentration was associated with 1.34 kg [95% confidence interval: 0.55, 2.12] higher late pregnancy-to-maximum GWG. A 10-fold increase in mean DE metabolite concentration across pregnancy was associated with 2.41 kg [0.62, 4.20] lower PPWR at 6 years. Stratified analysis suggested that the prenatal finding was driven by women with pre-pregnancy BMI ≥25 kg/m2, while the postnatal finding was driven by women with pre-pregnancy BMI <25 kg/m2 and with inadequate folic acid supplementation. We found no associations between OP pesticide metabolites and insufficient or excessive weight gain and no interaction with breastfeeding. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In this longitudinal analysis, we observed a positive association of OP pesticide metabolites with GWG in late pregnancy among overweight/obese women, potentially reflecting inhibition of OP pesticide detoxification by oxidative stress. Postnatally, under/normal weight women with higher OP pesticide metabolites had lower PPWR, possibly due to better metabolic function and a more healthful diet. These results suggest that there may be a critical period during the late phase of pregnancy when OP pesticide exposure may increase GWG, and this association may be amplified in overweight/obese women. Areas for future research include examination of how the interaction between OP pesticides and polymorphisms of the paraoxonase (PON1) gene, which detoxifies OP pesticides, affect GWG/PPWR; exploration of the interplay among maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, oxidative stress, and PON1 levels; and characterization of the variability of OP pesticides exposure across pregnancy using more frequent repeated urine samples.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To diversify the workforce by providing leadership and career coaching training to mentors so that they can be better leaders with their trainees and incorporate career coaching skills into their mentoring style. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: PROMISED Program helps current and future members of the National Research Mentoring Network (NRMN) develop management, leadership, and career coaching skills so that they may be more effective in guiding their mentees. Studies show that mentees remain engaged in research when they drive their own careers, but mentors rarely help them recognize ways to do this. PROMISED aims to address by providing online leadership training and career coaching training. We developed innovative online leadership training for mentors committed to mentoring people from diverse backgrounds that are focused on management and leadership skills. These modules contain exercises, self-assessments, and discussion boards. We also have reading materials and other supplemental work such as videos to augment the modules. We also created 2-day training on career coaching skills for mentors. Certified career coaches trained participants in career coaching tools so that they could incorporate these skills into their mentoring style. Mentors tend to view themselves as content advisors, and they focus on the next step in the research project rather than the research career. We trained mentors to provide career coaching to their mentees, which will help the mentee establish a successful biomedical research career trajectory. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In total, 45 mentors attended the Career Coaching Workshop. We assessed 26 mentoring/career coaching traits. Every trait improved on post survey (Likert scale 1–7), for example, “Taking into account the biases and prejudices you bring to the mentor/mentee relationship” (Pre: 4.16, Post: 5.38) and Working with mentees to set clear expectations of the mentoring relationship (Pre: 4.27, Post: 5.32). Some comments from attendees included: “amazing,” “powerful,” “excellent program,” “learned so much.” For the online module, we have a maximum of 20 fellows enrolled in each module. Results show that the fellows rate the module extremely useful. A comment from 1 fellow confirms this: “This session has changed my life and I know that the PROMISED program will transform my abilities as a mentor and as a person.” DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Providing Career Coaching Training and Online leadership skills can significantly improve mentors ability to mentor people, particularly those from diverse backgrounds. In addition, this training can help mentors who are committed to mentoring people from diverse backgrounds promote their own careers as well as their mentees.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To diversify the biomedical research workforce by training postdoctoral scholars and junior faculty from 6 Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) on practical research skills such as Critical and Creative Thinking, Formulating the Problem, Asking the Right Question, Grant Writing, and Team Science METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In collaboration with our partners, we identified 11 topics where trainees lack research funding. Next, we identified instructors for these topics. We converted the topics to online module with modules ranging from 2 to 8 weeks. In working with an online education expert, we developed innovative online training using Moodle as the content management system. Scholars complete readings, videos, self-assessments and participate in discussion board each week. In addition, we have weekly synchronous sessions for each module. All scholars are required to take the grant writing module and 8 other modules. After each module, trainees complete a brief survey to evaluate the module. The leaders at the MSI participated in an intensive face-to-face training session on how to be a career coach so that they could be career coaches for the LEADS Scholars at their home institutions. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In the first year, we selected 13 LEADS Scholars. All but 3 scholars elected to take every module. The 3 scholars did not enroll in the Peer Reviewing module. Results of the brief survey at the end of each module indicate that the scholars value each of the modules and rate them very highly. When 1 scholar wanted to leave the program, we decided to have a conference call with all of the LEADS Scholars to determine what was working and what was not working with the program. All scholars recognized the value of LEADS. Some scholars felt that the weekly synchronous session was too demanding as they have competing demands on their time. We consulted with the leadership at the MSI and decided to modify the requirements of the program such that every synchronous call was not required for successful completion of the module and to earn a badge. Scholars need to have at least 9 badges to earn a certificate. In addition to the training, we decided that scholars would also benefit from mock reviews of their grants. This will help them submit successful grants. We learned that the best way to serve the needs of the scholars is to work iteratively with the scholars and leadership to develop a successful program that most effectively meets their needs of the scholars and helps them launch a successful career. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Postdoctoral scholars and junior faculty from MSI need practical research training to help launch their research career. We suspect that this is true of many institutions and plan to develop these modules so that they can be widely disseminated to other institutions.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: COVID-19 vaccines were met with both public excitement and concern. Our goal was to understand individual’s attitudes about COVID-19 vaccines within Black and Latino communities deeply impacted by COVID-19, in an effort to highlight their potential similarities and differences. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Using a community-based participatory approach, we partnered with 16 leaders from community-based organizations to conduct a mixed-methods study examining the perspectives of Black and Latino communities regarding their vaccine acceptance or hesitancy. We focused on Michigan counties highly impacted by COVID-19 infection and deaths. In 2021, we interviewed 24 Black and 16 Latino residents in English or Spanish. We combined this with survey data on vaccine attitudes and behavior from the Detroit Metro Area Communities Study (n=1,800). This research is part of the NIH Community Engagement Alliance Against COVID-19. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Qualitative and quantitative analysis highlight that Black participants expressed greater mistrust and hesitance around vaccines and less willingness to get vaccinated, often citing historical mistreatment as a contributing factor. The desire to keep themselves, their families and community safe was cited as the most important factor shaping vaccine decisions among both groups. Trust in information and in science was rated as a stronger reason for vaccination among Latinx participants; however, they also appeared to highlight the issue of vaccine access more often than Black participants. Fear of side effects and risks were equally cited as factors that influenced their vaccine hesitancy. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Despite being labeled as minority communities, these two groups have important differences regarding their perspective of COVID-19 vaccines. Our results suggest that public health interventions must be tailored to address the concerns, differences in attitudes, and beliefs among Blacks and Latinos.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Goal—broaden the academic offer to enhance clinical and translational research productivity and cost effectiveness. Objective—implement a distance learning program on conducting proficient research management. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Needs assessment attested students’ interest in enrolling and willingness to recruit graduates by the research industry and academia. A master of science in clinical research management and regulatory compliance (MS-CRMRC) was developed using the Core Competency Domains for Clinical Research Professional. Experts from research academia, pharmaceutical industry, composed a Proposal Development Committee. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Access of a distance learning MS-CRMRC program for students with time constrains. Competent research professional graduates working side by side with the principal investigator on onsite teamwork management, to streamline research processes in compliance to regulations. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Improvement of clinical and translational research productivity and efficient use of grants funds prevails as a generalized concern. The MS-CRMRC offers an accessible alternative to empower the research enterprise by developing knowledgeable skilled professionals to tackle this need.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: This study examined patterns in helpline call data as the COVID-19 pandemic evolved including the impact of stay-at-home orders, relaxing of restrictive orders, and stages of vaccine uptake, as well as differences in call volume by Chicago neighborhood health indicators. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: From November 1, 2018 to June 30, 2021, 56 NAMI-Chicago workers accepted 26,173 helpline calls from 9,374 individuals from 438 zip codes across northeastern Illinois with the majority of calls from high poverty Chicago communities. Descriptive and time series analyses examined patterns in call volume related to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Illinois Stay-at-Home Order, and Illinois reopening and vaccine uptake plan relative to comparable times the prior year. Health indicators from the Chicago Health Atlas (https://chicagohealthatlas.org/) were examined to determine patterns related to NAMI call volume and various health indicators at the zip code level. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Time series analysis indicated the greatest number of calls occurred in 2020; specifically, there was a 212% increase in call volume and 331% increase in repeat callers (three or more calls per caller) during the first and second phase (March 20th to May 28th) of Illinois Stay-at-Home Order from 2019 to 2020. Analysis of the callers primary need indicated NAMI provided resources and referrals to people with unmet basic needs such as housing, food, and access to healthcare during the height of COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020. A series of ANOVAs indicated that individuals from Chicago zip codes with high levels of uninsured rates, poverty rates, households using SNAP benefits, and economic diversity called NAMI significantly more than those with low levels of these health indicators. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Helplines are a much-needed model to assess needs and implement services during public health crises, particularly in communities experiencing economic hardship and stress. Implications for behavioral health service needs both during and following the pandemic will be discussed.