OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The purpose of the project was to create a Tableau dashboard to track metrics on requests for research data at Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist. The objectives included: 1) define and identify request fulfillment metrics, 2) build a dashboard to capture metrics, and 3) integrate the dashboard into metrics tracking and reporting activities. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Project managers and team leaders in the Office of Informatics collaborated to determine which measures would be most relevant and impactful to report on. Metrics that were collected included: total count of tickets fulfilled over time, number of tickets currently open, sum of outstanding quoted hours, quoted hours vs. actual hours needed to fulfill ticket, and hours billed. Tableau's direct connection feature was used to extract the Trac ticket data from its Postgres database and the dashboard was published to Tableau Server. After the initial draft was created, several rounds of revisions were made as new data insights were discovered through further investigation of the data. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Each morning, Tableau Server runs an automatic refresh of the data. On the dashboard homepage, users can see a quick view of all available metrics; to minimize noise, only the current statuses, active tickets, and stats for the most recent monitoring periods are displayed. Many of the charts give the user the option to link out to a page with related supplemental information (historic data, ticket status history, etc.). With the help of the dashboard, project managers and team leaders can now monitor how long tickets are in each status, increase quote accuracy using the hours quoted and hours billed charts, and examine ticket complexity over time. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Prior to dashboard creation, metrics were sparse and difficult to assemble. By providing information on the quantity, size, and complexity of data requests, the dashboard enables the Office of Informatics to monitor how the process is functioning overall, make informed decisions about resource allocation, and provide quick interventions.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Antibiotic treatment sets the stage for intestinal domination by Candida albicanswhich is necessary for development of invasive disease, but the resources driving this bloom remain poorly defined. We sought to determine these factors in order to design novel prophylaxis strategies for reducing gastrointestinal (GI) colonization. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We initially developed a generalizable framework, termed metabolic footprinting to determine the metabolites C. albicanspreferentially uses in the mouse GI tract. After identifying the metabolites C. albicansutilizes, we usedin vitro growth assays in the presence and absence of oxygen to validate out metabolomics findings. We next determined if a probiotic E. coli that utilizes oxygen would reduce C. albicanscolonization compared to a mutant E. coli that could not respire oxygen. Finding that oxygen was a necessary resource, we utilized germ-free mice to determine if Clostridiaspp. known to reduce GI oxygen would prevent C. albicanscolonization. Lastly, we sought to see if 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) could prevent C. albicanscolonization. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We found that C. albicans preferentially utilizes simple carbohydrates including fructo-oligosaccharides (e.g., 1-kestose), disaccharides (e.g., β-gentiobiose), and alcoholic sugars (e.g., sorbitol) and is able to grow in vitro on minimal media supplemented with either of these nutrients. However, in the hypoxic environment that is found in the “healthy” colon, C. albicans cannot utilize these nutrients. We next found that pre-colonization in a mouse model with a probiotic E. coli significantly reduced C. albicanscolonization, but the mutant E. coli had no effect on colonization. We next showed that Clostridia supplementation restored GI hypoxia and reduced C. albicanscolonization. Remarkably, we found that 5-ASA significantly reduced GI colonization of C. albicans. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We have shown that C. albicans requires oxygen to colonize the GI tract. Importantly, we found that 5-ASA can prevent an antibiotic mediated bloom of C. albicans by restoring GI hypoxia, which warrants additional studies to determine if 5-ASA can be used as an adjunctive prophylactic treatment in high risk patients.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The purpose of the study was to describe patient characteristics associated with subsequent development of bowel ischemia. Primary outcomes were survival to discharge, 30-day and 1-year survival in patients with LVAD who subsequently develop bowel ischemia. Secondary outcomes included characteristics of patients who survive to discharge after bowel ischemia and those who do not. These included markers of patient condition prior to surgical/endoscopic intervention such as lactate levels, ICU admission, ventilator dependence, vasopressor and renal replacement requirements, as well as presence of sepsis. Of these, we predicted that lactate levels and white blood cell count would be significantly elevated pre- and post-operatively in patients who do not recover from bowel ischemic event. We used Mann-Whitney U Test to examine lactate levels between the two groups as our sample size was <30 and therefore necessitated the use of non-parametric testing. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In this single-center retrospective study, we analyzed all patients who underwent durable, CF-LVAD implantation at Duke University Medical Center (DUMC) between January 2008 and November 2018. Patients were screened using CPT codes for abdominal surgical exploration or ICD codes for intestinal vascular insufficiency. Final cohort was selected with confirmed diagnosis of intestinal ischemia based on surgical exploration or endoscopic intervention. Patient characteristics including pre-LVAD comorbidities, indication for LVAD implant, and clinical picture prior to bowel ischemic event were collected. Specific characteristics related to bowel ischemia were summarized, including diagnostic imaging, time from imaging study to operative intervention, and intraoperative details. Patient outcomes including survival to discharge, 30-day-, and 1-year survival were summarized. Patients were stratified based on survival to discharge status. Continuous variables were reported as median and interquartile range and compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were reported as proportions and compared using Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 754 patients underwent durable, CF-LVAD implant at DUMC, of which 21 subsequently developed intestinal ischemia (incidence 2.8%). The majority were male (81%) and treated as destination therapy (76.2%). Ten patients (50%) survived to discharge (one remains hospitalized). The proportions of patients receiving HeartMate II (60% vs. 50%, p=1.0), HeartMate III (20% vs. 10%, p=1.0), and HeartWare (20% vs. 40%, p=0.6) were not significantly different between patients who survived to discharge and patients who did not. Median time from LVAD implant to diagnosis of bowel ischemia did not vary significantly between the patient groups (11.5 days, IQR 34.75 vs. 16.5 days, IQR 173.8; p=0.40), nor did the median time from diagnosis to surgical intervention (264.5 minutes, IQR 497.8 vs. 323 minutes, IQR 440, p=0.82). In the 48 hours leading to diagnosis and intervention, renal replacement therapy (50% vs. 0%, p=0.033) was more prevalent in patients who did not survive to discharge. Differences in pre- and post-operative lactate levels were not significantly different in patient groups. A similar pattern of diagnostic study preference emerged from both groups, with CT being the most common (76.2%) followed by KUB (42.9%). Upper endoscopy/colonoscopy was performed in 7 patients (33.3%), of which 5 also had operative exploration. A total of 19 patients underwent abdominal exploration (90.5%). Nine had large bowel resection (42.9%) while 14 had small bowel resection (66.7% with average 75cm removed). Overall survival at 1-year was 33%. For those making it to discharge (n=10), one year survival was 60%. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This is the first institutional study to our knowledge to describe intestinal ischemia in patients receiving CF-LVAD therapy. Intestinal ischemia in patients receiving CF-LVAD therapy is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Diagnosis of bowel ischemia should be considered in patients presenting with clinical symptoms of bowel ischemia in addition to requirement of renal replacement therapy. Imaging modalities used were dependent on the clinical situation and were not always necessary prior to intervention. Further investigation is warranted to identify predictors of this morbid complication.

This study proposes a new practical approach for tracking institutional changes in research teamwork and productivity using commonly available institutional electronic databases such as eCV and grant management systems. We tested several definitions of interdisciplinary collaborations based on number of collaborations and their fields of discipline. We demonstrated that the extent of interdisciplinary collaboration varies significantly by academic unit, faculty appointment and seniority. Interdisciplinary grants constitute 24% of all grants but the trend has significantly increased over the last five years. Departments with more interdisciplinary grants receive more research funding. More research is needed to improve efficiency of interdisciplinary collaborations.

The commercialization of medical devices and biotechnology products is characterized by high failure rates and long development lead times particularly among start-up enterprises. To increase the success rate of these high-risk ventures, the University of Massachusetts Lowell (UML) and University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS) partnered to create key academic support centers with programs to accelerate entrepreneurship and innovation in this industry. In 2008, UML and UMMS founded the Massachusetts Medical Device Development Center (M2D2), which is a business and technology incubator that provides business planning, product prototyping, laboratory services, access to clinical testing, and ecosystem networking to medical device and biotech start-up firms. M2D2 has three physical locations that encompass approximately 40,000 square feet. Recently, M2D2 leveraged these resources to expand into new areas such as health security, point of care technologies for heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders, and rapid diagnostics to detect SARS-CoV-2. Since its inception, M2D2 has vetted approximately 260 medical device and biotech start-up companies for inclusion in its programs and provided active support to more than 80 firms. This manuscript describes how two UMass campuses leveraged institutional, state, and Federal resources to create a thriving entrepreneurial environment for medical device and biotech companies.

Intervention development frameworks offer the behavioral sciences a systematic and rigorous empirical process to guide the translation of basic science into practice in pursuit of desirable public health and clinical outcomes. The multiple frameworks that have emerged share a goal of optimization during intervention development and can increase the likelihood of arriving at an effective and disseminable intervention. Yet, the process of optimizing an intervention differs functionally and conceptually across frameworks, creating confusion and conflicting guidance on when and how to optimize. This paper seeks to facilitate the use of translational intervention development frameworks by providing a blueprint for selecting and using a framework by considering the process of optimization as conceptualized by each. First, we operationalize optimization and contextualize its role in intervention development. Next, we provide brief overviews of three translational intervention development frameworks (ORBIT, MRC, and MOST), identifying areas of overlap and divergence thereby aligning core concepts across the frameworks to improve translation. We offer considerations and concrete use cases for investigators seeking to identify and use a framework in their intervention development research. We push forward an agenda of a norm to use and specify frameworks in behavioral science to support a more rapid translational pipeline.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Our aims are to 1) describe changes in thumb Carpometacarpal (CMC1) joint stability following an 8-week clinic-based dynamic stability exercise program using computerized tomography (CAT) and 2) to evaluate the agreement between ultrasound and CAT (reference standard) when quantifying thumb CMC stability. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Aim 1: We have enrolled 13/49 participants in a prospective pre-post interventional study of an 8-week clinic-based occupational therapy dynamic stability program. The primary outcome will be change in stability (thumb metacarpal subluxation in mm) when forcefully loading the thumb as per CAT from pre-treatment to post-treatment at 9 weeks. Aim 2: Same 49 participants are undergoing a one-time ultrasound during baseline assessment. Agreement of ultrasound and CAT measurements (thumb metacarpal subluxation in mm) will be assessed by the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Exercise is a first-line treatment of CMC1 OA yet there is insufficient evidence to support this. Progression of CMC1 OA is characterized by altered joint mechanics. Joint replacement surgery may reduce pain but often worsens thumb mechanics and overall hand function. This study is the first to test the sustained biomechanical effects of non-invasive thumb exercises. Should these benefits exist, this will further support exercise as a first-tier intervention. Should ultrasound be a suitable proxy for CAT, therapists/physicians could monitor thumb CMC mechanics in response to treatment without risk of radiation exposure. We anticipate 1) a statistically significant reduction in thumb CMC subluxation at 9 weeks follow up and 2) high agreement between sonographic and CAT measures of thumb stability. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study will lay the foundation for future work and may offer critical support for the use of a non-pharmacological and non-surgical approach as first-line treatment of a highly disabling disease. Future study should include controlled trials where hand function, activity limitation, disease progression, and costs are the outcomes in interest.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM), TxTM is a scientific philosophy promoting interdisciplinary approaches towards exponential advances in community and population health. Objectives are to detail the model, pilot funding mechanism, early research findings and infrastructure investments. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The health research system has widely acknowledged challenges that can delay research translation to systems that advance health for chronically disadvantaged health disparity population groups. MSM’s vision is to lead the creation and advancement of health equity. The vision-aligned strategic plan prioritized formalization of a TX TM implementation priority. The study population was the institution’s research faculty and leaders, research administration, and communication arm. Through a cross-institutional working group, a plan was deployed to 1) assess the institutional landscape, 2) review the grey and peer reviewed literature on translational research and 3) invest in a pilot research funding mechanism. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Over $700K has been invested in TX TM implementation. Over half of research faculty completed an institutional landscape assessment to identify translational research expertise, interests and points of interest in new collaboration. The most frequently cited collaborative research interests were clinical research with human subjects, patient-centered outcomes and laboratory-based research with human subjects/specimens. Funded multidisciplinary and/or community-engaged pilot studies investigate the role for circadian rhythms and shift work, cultural variables influencing mental health among Haitians living in the US and integrating prescription reconciliation telehealth in primary care. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: TX TM requires interdisciplinary collaboration across translational research spheres and beyond the academy. Institutional investment, infrastructure support and senior-level champions are central to awareness and rewarding such scholarship towards scaling approaches that advance health equity. CONFLICT OF INTEREST DESCRIPTION: Coined at Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM), Tx TM symbolizes an approach and scientific philosophy designed to intentionally promote and support convergence of interdisciplinary approaches and scientists to stimulate exponential advances for the health of diverse communities.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: CTSA Program hubs provide a wide range of research support services (funding, training, consultations, etc.) to individuals and teams. The CTSA Program hub at Columbia University seeks to identify best practices across CTSA hubs in how they facilitate researchers to identify, navigate, and access services at complex academic medical centers. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: o A landscape analysis across CTSA Program hub websites was conducted during December 2021-February 2022, with the goal of assessing the availability of research navigation services and the ease of accessing and requesting research support services at each hub. Websites of 66 CTSA hubs were accessed and browsed for the following: 1) if a research navigation or concierge service was available; 2) how to request and apply to use common services such as pilot funding, biostatistics, clinical research services; 3) if there was a contact form and/or email address for general inquiries. Binary coding (1=Yes, 2=No) was used to track and summarize if these features were available, and then further classification and observations were noted into the full data set. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The landscape analysis determined that 68% of CTSA hubs offer a form of research navigation including consultative models (personalized guidance, studios) and web-based models (self-service web portals, graphics, toolkits). Consultative models could be classified into three levels of support ranging from general information sharing to providing scientific expertise to convening more intensive studio sessions. 92% of CTSA hubs have at least 1 system in place for researchers to request services with a majority of hubs using a mix of tools and systems. In addition, 36% of hubs have additional general contact forms and 75% have general email addresses to assist researchers in obtaining more information. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: There is a relative lack of data and information on the effectiveness of different research navigation models across the CTSA network, and barriers for researchers to identify services remain (Elworth et al). Our team is planning additional evaluations including interviews with leaders at other CTSA hubs and researchers and trainees at Columbia.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We seek to develop a 3D perfusion culture imaging plate for human fecal bacteria co-culture with epithelial cells in a structure that mimics the gut epithelium. We will develop this system for use with patient fecal samples to characterize patient risk of developing cancer. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: E. coli NC101, a strain that harbors the pks gene island, produces the genotoxin colibactin which causes DNA damage that can lead to colorectal cancer development. The genotoxic ability of this bacterium is dependent upon cell-to-cell contact. Here, we present 3D printed E. coli NC101 and intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) in a perfusion imaging plate, enabling visualization of the cytotoxic effects of the bacteria in real time using confocal microscopy, in combination with flow cytometry analysis for cell cycle arrest (a surrogate marker of DNA damage). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 40,000 IEC-6 cells were 3D printed in a cylindrical layer in our triple well imaging plate. The cells were infected at an MOI of 100 for 18 hours and time lapse images of the infection were recorded by confocal microscopy. The cells were then harvested for analysis by flow cytometry for cell cycle arrest as a measure of DNA damage. Our images and flow cytometry data show that E. coli NC101 co-localizes with IEC-6 cells and causes cell cycle arrest in phase G2 (infected %G2 = 40.1), compared to uninfected cells (%G2 = 24.7, P = 0.034). Mutant strains lacking adhesion protein FimH or the ability to produce colibactin do not cause G2 cell cycle arrest (P = 0.844 and P = 0.644, respectively). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We are able to recapitulate the DNA damage phenotype of E. coli NC101 in our 3D culture system. We show here that host-microbe interactions leading to cancer can be modeled in our 3D perfusion system, and we will next use patient fecal samples in our culture system.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Because diabetes disproportionately affects residents in the Deep South, identifying factors increasing the risk of hospital readmissions unique to this population can translate to tailored interventions and strategies to improve transitions of care and patients’ health outcomes. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Patients with diabetes (PWD) are susceptible to hospital readmissions due to inadequate transitions of care (TOC). To better understand how to improve TOC, the objective of the study is to identify factors associated with readmissions among PWD in Alabama disproportionally affected by diabetes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This retrospective cohort study utilizes electronic health record data from an urban health system in Alabama. The study population includes adults (≥18 years old) diagnosed with diabetes who were hospitalized between 2016 and 2020. Women who are pregnant during hospitalization or diagnosed with gestational diabetes are excluded. Patient’s index hospitalization is identified with a 3-month washout period preceding admission. The primary outcome is all-cause 30-day readmission. Characteristics are compared between patients with and without readmissions. Factors significantly associated with readmissions are identified with multiple logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The sample size is expected to be around 30,000 individual PWD. Anticipated results include estimation of the all-cause 30-day readmission rate experienced by the PWD in Alabama. It is expected that various factors will be associated with either higher or lower odds of readmission, interpreted via odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Factors investigated are driven by previously identified risk factors of readmission from the literature, including but not limited to sociodemographic variables, lab values (A1C, glucose, serum albumin, serum sodium, etc.), vital signs (blood pressure), comorbidities, medications, length of stay, insurance coverage, geographic location, and social history. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Findings will establish evidence-based knowledge about TOC for PWD in the Deep South, specifically Alabama. Identifying factors associated with readmissions among PWD in Alabama will inform TOC intervention studies tailored to populations in the Deep South to effectively mitigate readmissions.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of the CTSA consortium is to move scientific discoveries to clinical application. Translational science (TS) focuses on the process by which this happens, and NCATS supports pilot projects that propose TS questions. We are developing a rubric to guide program managers’ability to discriminate between TS and translational research (TR). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The CTSA External Review Exchange Consortium (CEREC) and CEREC II are reciprocal review collaborations between CTSA hubs that identify reviewers for each other’s pilot grant applications. CEREC and CEREC II partners developed a 31-item rubric, based on NIH’s Translational Science Principles, for discriminating pilot TS grant applications from those proposing TR. The hubs contributed proposals pre-selected as either TS or TR projects. Then, experienced reviewers and/or program administrators from the hubs used the rubric to score each of the proposals. Reliability of the rubric will be assessed using inter-rater reliability (% agreement and kappa). To identify which of the items in the rubric best discriminate between TS and TR, Item Response Theory analysis will be employed. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Ten CEREC participating hubs submitted 30 applications: 20 TS proposals and 10 TR proposals. Twenty-two reviewers from 12 CEREC hubs evaluated the applications by using the scoring rubric; at least two reviewers evaluated each proposal. The results of the analyses will describe the reliability of the rubric and identify which of the seven TS Principles are most useful for distinguishing between TS and TR pilot grant proposals. Ultimately, this work will yield a scoring rubric that will be disseminated throughout the CTSA network to facilitate the screening of TS applications. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Optimizing research processes is critical to ensure that scientific discoveries are integrated into clinical practice and public health policy as rapidly, efficiently, and equitably as possible. By appropriately identifying and funding TS projects, CTSA hubs can accelerate the impact of clinical and translational research.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This study has implications for understanding early developmental mechanisms of ADHD and for guidelines regarding safe use of acetaminophen during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Prenatal acetaminophen exposure has been associated with childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the underlying mechanism is unknown. This prospective birth cohort study aims to identify linkages between specific metabolites in umbilical cord plasma and the association of prenatal acetaminophen exposure and ADHD. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The sample was a subset of the Boston Birth Cohort that included 583 mother-newborn dyads followed at Boston Medical Center from 1998 to 2018. Metabolites were measured from cord plasma collected at birth. Based on existing literature, the analyses focused on candidate metabolites involved in neuroendocrine, inflammation, and oxidative stress pathways. The outcome was physician-diagnosed ADHD between the ages of 3 and 16 years. Exploratory analyses and multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the association of these candidate metabolites with both unmetabolized cord plasma acetaminophen levels and with incident risk of ADHD, adjusting for covariates of maternal and child characteristics. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 583 children, 257 had ADHD and 326 had neurotypical development. Two promising results have been found thus far. 5-methoxytryptophol (5-MTX), a neuroendocrine molecule which also has antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, was inversely associated with acetaminophen and ADHD risk. For children below the median cord 5-MTX level, the odds of ADHD were 3.29 (95% CI [1.56, 7.16], p=0.002) for the third tertile of acetaminophen compared to the first tertile. This association attenuated among those above the median 5-MTX level: 2.23 (95% CI [0.98, 5.21], p=0.059), suggesting a protective effect. Tryptophan, an essential amino acid and precursor of serotonin, was positively associated with acetaminophen and ADHD. Next steps include mediation analysis with tryptophan and analyses for other metabolites. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: This study identifies cord plasma metabolites as possible modifiers or mediators linking prenatal acetaminophen exposure and childhood ADHD, which may offer insight into a mechanistic pathway. The study findings have implications for FDA, clinical, and public health guidelines regarding safe use of acetaminophen during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an intervention for patients with chronic back pain. Technological advances have led to renewed optimism in the field, but mechanisms of action in the brain remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that SCS outcomes will be associated with changes in neural oscillations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The goal of our team project is to test patients who receive SCS at 3 times points: baseline, at day 7 during the trial period, and day 180 after a permanent system has been implanted. At each time point participants will complete 10 minutes of eyes closed, resting electroencephalography (EEG). EEG will be collected with the ActiveTwo system, a 128-electrode cap, and a 256 channel AD box from BioSemi. Traditional machine learning methods such as support vector machine and more complex models including deep learning will be used to generate interpretable features within resting EEG signals. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Through machine learning, we anticipate that SCS will have a significant effect on resting alpha and beta power in sensorimotor cortex. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This collaborative project will further the application of machine learning in cognitive neuroscience and allow us to better understand how therapies for chronic pain alter resting brain activity.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Neonatal hypoglycemia is seen in 65% of maternally diabetic pregnancies, and can lead to severe neurological damage. Neonatal glycemia may also be an indicator of placental function in these pregnancies. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns of neonatal glycemia, and associated endothelial dysfunction, by maternal diabetes subtype. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Pregnancies with maternal Type 1 (T1DM), Type 2 (T2DM), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are being enrolled. Maternal hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and umbilical cord insulin/glucose are being collected from 20 pregnancies in each group, 10 of which also undergo placental/umbilical cord tissue collection. Following delivery, neonatal blood glucose levels are also collected every 3-4 hours (4+ measurements) to determine rate of glycemic change. Linear regression modeling will be used to determine associations with placental and umbilical endothelial RNA expression, umbilical cord insulin levels, and maternal HbA1c within each diabetic subtype and between normoglycemic and hypoglycemic neonates. Endothelial gene expression will be compared using paired t-tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Thus far, 5 T1DM, 10 T2DM, and 13 GDM samples have been collected. Gestational age at delivery and birth weight were similar between groups (38.1 ± 1.05 weeks; 3.6 ± 0.59 kilograms) and delivery method is evenly distributed (Cesarean section or vaginal delivery). Currently, with limited cohort size, no association is evident between maternal HbA1c and umbilical cord glucose/insulin (p=0.114) or neonatal hypoglycemia diagnosis (p=0.674) when controlled for gestational age and infant birthweight. We hypothesize that, with pending analyses, maternal HbA1c and umbilical cord insulin levels will correlate negatively with the rate of neonatal glycemic change, and positively with the level of inflammatory and angiogenic transcription identified in placental and umbilical endothelium. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Characterization of postnatal glucose control is key to prognosis and risk stratification of infants of diabetic mothers. Understanding placental response to glucose, as well as sequela in the fetal endothelium, is also critical to understanding the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoglycemia and other adverse outcomes of diabetic pregnancy.

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Understanding dietary patterns and nutrient intakes of the aging population may help address concerns and dietary guidelines regarding their nutritional needs. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that a healthy dietary pattern in the oldest old (aged 80 years and older) is related to greater compliance with dietary recommendations and better nutrient intake profiles. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 122 participants aged 82 to 97 years old from the Geisinger Rural Aging Study (GRAS) cohort in rural Pennsylvania (n = 56 men and 66 women). The main outcome measures of the investigation were the daily nutrient intakes and food group intakes evaluated from the average of three 24-hour dietary recalls. The dietary patterns were determined by cluster analysis from 28 food groups. Diet quality and adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 and the Dietary Screening Tool (DST). Recommended intakes were determined by the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) or Adequate Intakes (AIs). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Less than 50% of participants met the dietary recommended intakes for vitamins D, E, K, B6, dietary fiber, zinc, potassium, and calcium. The more-nutrient-dense cluster was characterized by higher intakes of fruits and vegetables. The less-nutrient-dense cluster was characterized by higher intakes of foods including desserts and sweets. After adjusting for age, sex, and energy intake, participants in the more-nutrient-dense dietary pattern had a higher intake of vitamins A, D, K, C, fiber, and potassium (p < 0.05 for all). After adjusting for age and sex, participants in the more-nutrient-dense pattern had better diet quality assessed by the (HEI)-2015 (p < 0.001) and DST (p = 0.006). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Among the oldest old, many participants were found to have nutrient intakes lower than the recommended levels for fundamental nutrients suggesting that dietary guidance in addition to a dietary pattern more aligned with dietary guidelines may be beneficial for supporting healthy aging.

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Treatment of breast cancer surgery can be classified into two overall groups: Breast-Conserving Therapy (BCT) (including partial mastectomy (PM) and oncoplastic surgery (OS)) and MAST (including mastectomy (M) and M with breast reconstruction (M+R)). Breast reconstruction (OS or M+R) offers patients an improved quality of life by aesthetically symmetric breast, higher patient satisfaction and reduced re-excision rates. Furthermore, subgroups of M+R, mastectomy with implant placement (M+I) has doubled to 21%, meanwhile mastectomy with muscular flap reconstruction (M+MF) has declined to only 2% of overall breast cancer intervention. Furthermore, in patients with with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), published national guidelines recommend that sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) should be offered when treated with M and should not be offered when treated with BCS. Overall complication rates for breast cancer surgery vary depending on short-term or long term outcome but are approximately 2-40%. Mortality and overall morbidity are overall low in less than 5% of cases. Known wound or infectious complications have been associated with smoking, radiation, obesity and diabetes. Nevertheless, other patient comorbidities and surgical predictors influencing acute postoperative complications are contentious. Single institutional studies or reviews compared single or two groups of breast cancer interventions for post-operative complication rates. Few studies with large enough patient cohort to analyze all possible variables influencing post-operative acute complications following all breast cancer surgeries. Understanding surgical complications is crucial to patient safety and improving health outcomes. Therefore, this study examines the 30-day postoperative complication rates in breast cancer patients who underwent a PM, M, M+R, or OS. Using the NSQIP database, we aim to elucidate these surgical trends and complications trends, while expanding our understanding of predictive surgical factors. We also examined appropriate axillary management associated with surgical interventions between 2005 and 2016. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using the ACS-NSQIP database from 2005 to 2017. All participant user files (PUF) were obtained and approved by ACS NSQIP. The Tufts Medical Center Institutional Review Board deemed this study exempt from institutional review, given ACS NSQIP database is a de-identified data set. Inclusion criteria for this study were women with classified post-operative diagnosis of invasive breast cancer (IBC) or ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) breast cancer who underwent either any BCT or any MAST procedure. Post-operative diagnosis was classified according International Classification of Diseases Ninth/Tenth Revision (ICD-9/10) code for IBC or DCIS. Surgical (M, PM, OS, M+R) and axillary lymph node categorization were done using CPT codes known for each intervention. Exclusion criteria included males, benign breast surgery, surgery for benign breast disease, lobular carcinoma, patients undergoing breast cancer surgery with 2 CPT codes with ambiguous category placement and septic patients at time of surgery. For each intervention, a total of 16 complications were clustered into 8 groups and examined over the 13-year period. ALN management was categorized as follows: no intervention on ALNs, or ALN surgery (SLNB or ALN dissection (ALND)). Chi-square tests were performed for demographic and complication rate analysis. Smoothed linear regression and non-parametric Mann- Kendall test assessed complication trends. Uni-variate and multivariate logistical regression were computed to associate odd’s ratio for comorbidities, surgical predictors and patients demographics. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: A total of 226,899 patients met the inclusion criteria. Annual breast surgery trends changed as follows: PM 45.6% to 45.9 (p=0.21), M 36.8% to 25.5% (p=0.001), M+R 15.7% to 23.6% (p=0.03) and OS 1.8% to 5.0% (p=0.001). Analyzing the patient cohort who underwent breast conservation, categorical analysis showed a decreased use of PM alone (96% to 90%) with an increased use of OS (4% to 10%). For the patient cohort undergoing mastectomy, M alone decreased (69% to 52%); M+R with muscular flap decreased (9% to 2%); and M+R with implant placement increased (20% to 41%) – all 3 trends p<0.0001. The rate of ALN management has changed as follows: SNLB or ALND significantly increased in mastectomy patients from 53.6% to 69.5% (SS 1.5%, R2 0.69, p < 0.01), while it changed little in the BCS population: 22.5% to 26.4% (SS 0.4%, R2 0.18, p = 0.09). Complication rates have steadily increased in all mastectomy groups (p< 0.05) but not in BCT. Cumulative complication rates between surgical categories were significantly different in each complication cluster (all p<0.0001). Overall complication rates were: PM: 2.25%, OS: 3.2%, M: 6.56%, M+MF: 13.04% and M+I: 5.68%. The most common predictive risk factors were mastectomy interventions, increasing operative time, ASA class and BMI, smoking, recent weight loss, history of CHF, COPD and bleeding disorders (all p<0.001). Patients who were non-diabetic, younger (<60) and treated as outpatient all had protective OR for an acute complication (p<0.0001). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The modern era of breast surgery is identified by the increasing use of reconstruction for patients undergoing breast conservation (in the form of OS) and mastectomy (in the form of M+R). Despite national recommendations for the management of axillary lymph nodes in patients undergoing breast surgery for DCIS, nearly 30% of cases continue to be mismanaged: more than 30% of patients with DCIS undergoing mastectomy fail to receive SLNB, and more than 26% of DCIS patients undergoing BCS are still receiving axillary lymph node surgery. Our study provides data showing significant trends that will impact the future of both breast cancer surgery and breast training programs. We also provide data comparing nationwide acute complication rates following different breast cancer surgeries that can be used to inform patients during surgical decision making.

Effective community engagement in T3–T4 research is widespread, however, similar stakeholder involvement is missing in T1–T2 research. As part of an effort to embed community stakeholders in T1–T2 research, an academic community partnered team conducted discussion groups with researchers to assess perspectives on (1) barriers/challenges to including community stakeholders in basic science, (2) skills/training required for stakeholders and researchers, and (3) potential benefits of these activities. Engaging community in basic science research was perceived as challenging but with exciting potential to incorporate “real-life” community health priorities into basic research, resulting in a new full-spectrum translational research model.

Educational opportunities for investigators and staff to promote inclusive research practices are a critical piece of the effort to increase diversity in study participation and promote health equity. However, few trainings to date have empirically been shown to result in behavior changes. We present preliminary evaluation findings for the Just Research workshop offered at the University of Wisconsin–Madison between October 2022 and August 2023. These sessions included 80 participants who made up 4 cohorts. Data was collected through a retrospective pre/post-test survey administered 0–7 days following the workshop (n = 70), and a follow-up survey administered 9–12 months following the workshop (n = 21). Participants demonstrate significant increases in knowledge and self-efficacy regarding implementing inclusive practices post-intervention (p < .001). 85.7% of participants who completed the follow-up survey reported implementing inclusive practices.