Let X1, X2,… be a sequence of independent random variables and let N be a positive integer-valued random variable which is independent of the Xi. In this paper we obtain some stochastic comparison results involving min {X1, X2,…, XN) and max{X1, X2,…, XN}.

A spatial process is considered in which two general birth-death processes are linked by migration of individuals. We examine conditions for weak symmetry and regularity, and develop necessary and sufficient conditions for recurrence. The results are easily extended to the k-process case.

A characterization of the exponential distribution based on a relevation-type equation and its discrete version are extended to the case of multidimensional spaces via variants of the Choquet–Deny theorem. Comments on some recent results in the literature are made.

We consider a generalization of the house-selling problem to selling k houses. Let the offers, X1, X2, · ··, be independent, identically distributed k-dimensional random vectors having a known distribution with finite second moments. The decision maker is to choose simultaneously k stopping rules, N1, · ··, Nk, one for each component. The payoff is the sum over j of the jth component of minus a constant cost per observation until all stopping rules have stopped. Simple descriptions of the optimal rules are found. Extension is made to problems with recall of past offers and to problems with a discount.

Two players with differing amounts of money simultaneously choose an amount to bet on an even-money win-or-lose bet. The outcomes of the bets may be dependent and the player who has the larger amount of money after the outcomes are decided is the winner. This game is completely analyzed. In nearly all cases, the value exists and optimal strategies for the two players that give weight to a finite number of bets are explicitly exhibited. In a few situations, the value does not exist.

We study the long-term behaviour of a sequence of multitype general stochastic epidemics, converging in probability to a deterministic spatial epidemic model, proposed by D. G. Kendall. More precisely, we use branching and deterministic approximations in order to study the asymptotic behaviour of the total size of the epidemics as the number of types and the number of individuals of each type both grow to infinity.

We define a leavable stochastic game which is a possible two-person generalization of the classical red-and-black gambling problem. We show that there are three basic possibilities for a two-person red-and-black game which, by analogy with gambling theory, we call the subfair, the fair and the superfair cases. A suitable generalization of what in gambling theory is called bold play is proved to be a uniformly ε-optimal stationary strategy for player I in the fair and the subfair cases whereas a generalization of timid play is shown to be ε-optimal for player I in the superfair possibility.

We prove strong convergence of the proportions Un/Tn of balls in a multitype generalized Pólya urn model, using martingale arguments. The limit is characterized as a convex combination of left dominant eigenvectors of the replacement matrix R, with random Dirichlet coefficients.

Upper and lower bounds are derived for the tail probabilities of compound distributions using simple properties of the claim size distribution. General bounds are then obtained for various classes of claim size distributions. Some examples are given.

In this paper we investigate the characterizations of life distributions under four stochastic orderings, < p, < (p), < (p) and < L, by a unified method. Conditions for the stochastic equality of two non-negative random variables under the four stochastic orderings are derived. Many previous results are consequences. As applications, we provide characterizations of life distributions by a single value of their Laplace transforms under orderings < p and < (p) and their moment generating functions under orderings < p and < (p). Under ordering < L, a characterization is given by the expected value of a strictly completely monotone function. The conditions for the stochastic equality of two non-negative vectors under the stochastic orderings < (p), < (p) and < L are presented in terms of the Laplace transforms and moment generating functions of their extremes and sample means. Characterizations of the exponential distribution among L and L life distribution classes are also given.

A general exchangeable bisexual model with variable population sizes is introduced. First the forward process, i.e. the number of certain descending pairs, is studied. For the bisexual Wright-Fisher model fixation of the descendants occurs, i.e. their proportion tends to 0 or 1 almost surely.

The main part of this article deals with necessary and sufficient conditions for ultimate homozygosity, i.e. the proportion of an arbitrarily chosen allelic type tends to 0 or 1 almost surely. The results are applied to a bisexual Wright-Fisher model and to a bisexual Moran model.

We formulate stochastic indicator parameters that characterize pollution levels in geographical regions with heterogeneous contaminant distributions. The indicator parameters are expressed in terms of the random fields representing the contaminant distributions and the critical threshold level specified by health and environmental standards. Certain theoretical results are proven regarding univariate and bivariate indicator parameters. The analytical expressions obtained are general and can be used in practice for various types of contaminant distributions. A test of ergodicity-breaking is suggested for scientific and engineering applications in terms of the indicator parameters. Fractal characteristics of the indicator parameters are discussed. The effects of modelling and observation scale on exceedance contamination analysis are examined. Indicator random field parameters are studied on both continuum and lattice domains using analytical means and numerical simulations.

Consider two systems, labeled system 1 and system 2, each with m components. Suppose component i in system k, k = 1, 2, is subjected to a sequence of shocks occurring randomly in time according to a non-explosive counting process {Γ i(t), t > 0}, i = 1, ···, m. Assume that Γ1, · ··, Γm are independent of Mk = (Mk,1, · ··, Mk,m), the number of shocks each component in system k can sustain without failure. Let Zk,i be the lifetime of component i in system k. We find conditions on processes Γ1, · ··, Tm such that some stochastic orders between M1 and M2 are transformed into some stochastic orders between Z1 and Z2. Most results are obtained under the assumption that Γ1, · ··, Γm are independent Poisson processes, but some generalizations are possible and can be seen from the proofs of theorems.

We consider initially two parallel routes, each of two queues in tandem, with arriving customers choosing the route giving them the shortest expected time in the system, given the queue lengths at the customer's time of arrival. All interarrival and service times are exponential.

We then augment this network to obtain a Wheatstone bridge, in which customers may cross from one route to the other between queues, again choosing the route giving the shortest expected time in the system, given the queue lengths ahead of them.

We find that Braess's paradox can occur: namely in equilibrium the expected transit time in the augmented network, for some service rates, can be greater than in the initial network.

A Bayesian approach for analyzing layered defense systems is presented. This approach incorporates the dependence of penetration probabilities on the size of attackers going into any layer. A general formula is developed for computing the predictive distribution of the number of attackers surviving any layer as well as the posterior distribution of the penetration probabilities under the a priori assumptions that: (i) the probabilities are dependent and their joint distribution is Dirichlet, and (ii) the probabilities are independent. Positive dependence of the penetration probabilities as well as the number of attackers surviving the different layers is also established.

We consider a continuous polling system in heavy traffic. Using the relationship between such systems and age-dependent branching processes, we show that the steady-state number of waiting customers in heavy traffic has approximately a gamma distribution. Moreover, given their total number, the configuration of these customers is approximately deterministic.

Braess's paradox is said to occur in a network if the addition of an extra link leads to worse performance. It has been shown to occur in transportation networks (such as road networks) and also in queueing networks. Here, we show that it can occur in loss networks.

We study the problem of preemptive scheduling of jobs in a two-machine open shop. Jobs require processing on both machines, but the order does not matter. We define the D-LERPT (double longest expected remaining processing time) policy as the policy that first processes jobs that have not yet been processed by either machine (double jobs), in decreasing order of expected remaining processing times, and then processes jobs that require processing on only one machine in any order. We show that D-LERPT stochastically minimizes the makespan when preemption is not permitted and jobs (but not machines) are stochastically identical, and that D-LERPT minimizes the makespan in the increasing convex sense when preemption is permitted and the machines are stochastically identical and processing times are exponential or geometric with a job dependent rate.

We present a brief summary of some results related to deriving orthogonal representations of second-order random fields and its application in solving linear prediction problems. In the homogeneous and/or isotropic case, the spectral theory provides an orthogonal expansion in terms of spherical harmonics, called spectral decomposition (Yadrenko 1983). A prediction formula based on this orthogonal representation is shown. Finally, an application of this formula in solving a real-data problem related to prospective geophysics techniques is presented.

We consider some important systems in reliability theory situated in a random environment, where shocks occur and cause component failure in a specific way. We study some appropriate coefficients, which play an important role in the reduction of our systems to a linear combination of parallel subsystems.