Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T21:22:43.908Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Searching for a Dream Plan: Two-Level Game Analysis of the Futenma Relocation Issue Under the Hatoyama Cabinet*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2014

TOMOHITO SHINODA*
Affiliation:
Professor of International Relations, International University of Japan, Niigata, [email protected]

Abstract

Employing a two-level game framework, this study examines the decision-making process of the Hatoyama government on the replacement of the US Marine air base in Futenma, Okinawa. Before reaching the final decision to revert to the existing plan of relocating it to Nago City, the cabinet members explored different possible alternatives. Prime Minister Hatoyama simultaneously pursued different international and domestic goals. Misperception and miscommunication between Tokyo and Washington were at play. A two-level game framework provides a clear picture of what Hatoyama tried to pursue and why he failed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 22530168.

References

Akahata (2010), ‘Nago citizens are angered at Hirano remarks’, 27 January, translation provided by Japan Press Weekly, http://www.japan-press.co.jp/2010/2656/USF8.html (accessed 30 June 2011).Google Scholar
Asahi, Shimbun (2010), ‘Naikaku Shiji Sarani Gerakushi 21% [Further declining cabinet approval to 21%]’, May 17.Google Scholar
Bader, Jeffery A. (2012), Obama and China's Rise: An Insider's Account of America's Asia Strategy, Washington, DC: The Brookings Insitution.Google Scholar
DPJ (2008), ‘Okinawa Vision 2008’, 8 July, http://www.dpj.or.jp/news/files/okinawa(2).pdf (accessed 23 June 2011).Google Scholar
DPJ (2009), ‘Renritsu Seiken Juritsu ni Atatte no Seisaku Gōi [Policy Agreement to Establish a Coalition Government]’, 9 September, http://www.dpj.or.jp/news/files/20090909goui.pdf (accessed 27 June 2011).Google Scholar
Fukushima, M. (2011), Meisō Seiken tono Tatakai [Fight Against the Stray Government], Tokyo: Asukī Shinsho.Google Scholar
Hatoyama, Y. (1996), ‘Minshuto, Watashi no Seiken Koso’, Bungei Shunju (November).Google Scholar
Iokibe, M., Ito, M., and Yakushiji, K. (eds.) (2008), Okamoto Yukio: Genbashugi wo Tsuranuita Gaikōkan [Okamoto Yukio: A Diplomat Who Pursued the Practical Approach], Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha.Google Scholar
Kamen, A. (2010), ‘Along Leaders at Summit, Hu's first’, The Washington Post, 14 April.Google Scholar
Kantei (2009a), ‘Hatoyama Sōri no Kokuren Sōkai Oyobi G20 Pittsburg Summit Shusseki Naigai Kisha Kaiken [Press conference by Prime Minister Hatoyama on his Attendance at the UN General Assembly and G20 Pittsburg Summit]’, 25 September, http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/hatoyama/statement/200909/26naigai.html (accessed 27 June 2011).Google Scholar
Kantei (2009b), ‘Kyōkona Nichibei Kankei wo Mezashite [Toward a Strengthened Japan–US relations]’, 7 November 2009, http://www.mmz.kantei.go.jp/jp/m-magazine/backnumber/2009/1107ub/index.html (accessed 28 June 2011).Google Scholar
Kantei (2009c), ‘Joint Press Conference by Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama of Japan and President Barack Obama of the United States of America’, 13 November, http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/hatoyama/statement/200911/13usa_kaiken_e.html (accessed 28 June 2011).Google Scholar
Kantei (2009d), ‘Yuruginai Shinrai Kankei [Firm Trust Relationship]’, 19 November, http://www.mmz.kantei.go.jp/jp/m-magazine/backnumber/2009/1119eb/index.html (accessed 28 June 2011).Google Scholar
Mainichi Shimbun, Seiji-bu (ed.) (2010), Ryūkyū no Seijōki: ‘Futenma’ wa Owaranai [Stars and Stripes in Okinawa: ‘Futenma’ that Never Ends], Tokyo: Kōdan-sha.Google Scholar
Maher, K. (2011), Ketsudan dekinai Nihon [The Japan that Can't Decide], Tokyo: Bungei Shunjū.Google Scholar
MOD (2009a), ‘Daijin Rinji Kaiken Gaiyō [Summary of an ad hoc Conference by the Minister]’, 17 September, http://www.mod.go.jp/j/press/kisha/2009/09/17.html (accessed 27 June 2011).Google Scholar
MOD (2009b), ‘Daijin Rinji Kaiken Gaiyō [Summary of ad hoc Conference by the Minister]’, 25 September, http://www.mod.go.jp/j/press/kisha/2009/09/25a.html (accessed 27 June 2011).Google Scholar
MOD (2009c), ‘Daijin Rinji Kaiken Gaiyō [Summary of ad hoc Conference by the Minister]’, 26 September, http://www.mod.go.jp/j/press/kisha/2009/09/26a.html (accessed 27 June 2011).Google Scholar
MOD (2009d), ‘Japan–US Defense Ministers Joint Press Conference’, 21 October, http://www.mod.go.jp/e/pressrele/2009/091021.html (accessed 28 June 2011).Google Scholar
MOD (2009e), ‘Press Conference by the Defense Minister’, 27 October, http://www.mod.go.jp/e/pressconf/2009/10/091027.html (accessed 28 June 2011).Google Scholar
MOFA (2006), ‘United States–Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation’, 1 May, http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/us/security/scc/doc0605.html (accessed 6 July 2011).Google Scholar
MOFA (2009a), ‘Okada Gaimu Daijin Kaiken Kiroku [Record of Conference by Foreign Minister Okada]’, 18 September, http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/kaiken/gaisho/g_0909.html#9-B (accessed 27 June 2011).Google Scholar
MOFA (2009b), ‘Japan–US Foreign Ministerial Meeting Summary’, 21 September 2009, http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/us/meet0909.html (accessed 27 June 2011).Google Scholar
MOFA (2009c), ‘Gaimu Daijin Kaiken Kiroku [Conference Record of Foreign Minister]’, 23 October, http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/kaiken/gaisho/g_0910.html#5-B (accessed 28 June 2011).Google Scholar
MOFA (2009d), ‘Japan–US Summit Meeting’, 13 November, http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/us/pv0911/summit.html (accessed 28 June 2011).Google Scholar
MOFA (2010), ‘Joint Statement of the US–Japan Security Consultative Committee’, 28 May, http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/us/security/scc/joint1005.html (accessed 1 July 2011).Google Scholar
Morimoto, S. (2010), Futenma no Nazo [Enigma of Futenma], Tokyo: Kairyusha.Google Scholar
Moriya, T. (2010a), ‘Futenma’ Kōshō Hiroku [Secret Records of Negotiation over ‘Futenma’], Tokyo: Shinchō-sha.Google Scholar
Moriya, T. (2010b), ‘Jimoto Riken ni Furimawasareru Futenma, Nichibei Dōmei [Futenma and Japan–US Alliance Dragged by Local Concession Hunters]’, Chūō Kōron (January 2010).Google Scholar
Pomfret, John (2009), ‘US Concerned about New Japanese Premier Hatoyama’, The Washington Post (29 December).Google Scholar
Putnam, R. (1988),‘Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games’, International Organization, 42 (3): 427–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryukyu, Asahi Hoso (2009), ‘Maehara Okinawa Tantō Daijin, Henoko Igai no Isetsuchi Sagashitai [Minister of Okanawa Affairs Maehara Wants to Look for Another Relocation Place than Henoko]’, 3 October, http://www.qab.co.jp/news/2009100312306.html (accessed 27 June 2011).Google Scholar
The Ryukyu Shimpo (2009a), ‘Futenma wa Kengai Iten [Futenma will be Relocated Outside the Prefecture]’, extra digital edition, 25 September, http://ryukyushimpo.jp/uploads/img4abc4b46536e8.pdf (accessed 27 June 2011).Google Scholar
The Ryukyu Shimpo (2009b), ‘Jinsokuna Ketsuron de Icchi, Futenma Sagyō Grūpu Hatsukaigō [Agreed on Prompt Solution at the First Meeting of Futenma Working Group]’, The Ryukyu Shimpo, 18 November, http://ryukyushimpo.jp/news/storyid-152989-storytopic-3.html (accessed 28 June 2011).Google Scholar
The Ryukyu Shimpo (2011), ‘Hatoyama Zenshushō Ichimon Ittō [Q&A with former Prime Minister Hatoyama]’, 13 February.Google Scholar
Seifu Internet Television (2009), ‘Hatoyama Naikaku Kakuryō Kisha Kaiken Okada Katsuya Daijin [Press Conference of Ministers of the Hatoyama Cabinet, Minister Katsuya Okada]’, 16 September, http://nettv.gov-online.go.jp/prg/prg2758.html (accessed 27 June 2011).Google Scholar
Shimizu, M. (2011), ‘Seiken Kōtai no 600-nichi [600 Days after the Government Change]’ in Takeshi, Sasaki and Masato, Shimizu (eds.), Zemināru Gendai Nihon Seiji [Seminar Contemporary Japanese Politics], Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun-sha.Google Scholar
Shimoji, M. (2012), Kaiketsu: Okinawa no Mission Beigun Kichi Kajū Futan no Zenshinteki Keigen [Solution: Okinawa's Mission, the Gradual Reduction of the Excess Burden of US Bases], Tokyo: Nihon Hyōronsha.Google Scholar
Wikileaks (2009a), ‘Japan: Ambassador Roos's Meeting with Maehara’, 10 December, http://tourkaba3.wordpress.com/2011/05/13/09tokyo2822/ (accessed 29 June 2011).Google Scholar
Wikileaks (2009b), ‘Japan: Ambassador's December 21 Lunch Meeting with Vice Minister Yabunaka’, 30 December, http://tourkaba3.wordpress.com/2011/05/13/09tokyo2946/ (accessed 29 June 2009).Google Scholar
Yomiuri, Shimbun (2009), ‘Shushō, Okinawa nimo Tokunoshima nimo Iten Kentō Tsutaeru [The Prime Minister Asks Both Okinawa and Tokunoshima to Consider Relocation]’, 4 May.Google Scholar