State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For debts — Indonesian measures of nationalization — Effect of measures — Whether debts of nationalized companies transferred to Indonesia — The law of the Netherlands

State responsibility — Claims — Miscellaneous — Indonesia-Netherlands Lump Sum Settlement Agreement, 1966 — Indonesian measures of nationalization — Lump Sum payment to Dutch State in settlement of claims of its nationals — Dispute between former shareholders in nationalized company concerning payment of claims — Effect of nationalization measures — Whether debt of nationalized companies transferred to Indonesia — Whether exchange rate used for calculating compensation under the Settlement Agreement reasonable — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 8(1) — Right to respect for private life and home — First Protocol, 1952, Article 1 — Right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions — Fourth Protocol, 1963, Article 2 — Freedom of choice of residence — Residential property accommodation order — Whether violates these rights under the Convention — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — Extradition — Procedure — Dutch Extradition Act 1967, Article 26(3) — Onus on person whose extradition is sought to claim that he can immediately demonstrate his innocence of offence — Whether contrary to presumption of innocence laid down in Article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(2) — Presumption of innocence — Extradition — Dutch Extradition Act 1967, Article 26(3) — Onus on person whose extradition is sought to claim that he can demonstrate immediately his innocence of offence — Whether contrary to presumption of innocence laid down in Article 6(2) of Convention — Whether Article 6(2) applicable to prosecution and trial but not to extradition proceedings — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — First Protocol, 1952, Article 2 — Right to education — Duty to respect religious and philosophical convictions of parents — Article 8 of the Convention — Respect for private and family life — Whether these provisions impose duty on private educational institution to accept children whose parents refuse to allow them to attend religious instruction classes — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — In general — Position of individuals in international law — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom of entry — Right of entry into Federal Republic of Germany — Whether extending to Germans domiciled in German Democratic Republic — Federal Basic Law 1949, Articles 11 and 116 — Effect of Treaty on Basis of Relations between Federal Republic and German Democratic Republic, 1972 — Freedom of emigration — Guarantees — Fourth Protocol to European Convention on Human Rights, 1963, Article 2(2) — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 12(2) — Whether legislation of German Democratic Republic prohibiting free exit part of municipal law of Federal Republic — Transit Agreement between Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic, 1971 — Whether creates rights and duties for individuals — Whether contract for payment in return for assistance to escape from German Democratic Republic enforceable in courts of Federal Republic — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Operation and enforcement — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Application by municipal courts — The law of France

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Conscientious objection to military service — Whether a right protected by European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 9 — Exception under Article 4(3)(b) of Convention — Application of Convention by municipal courts — The law of France

International law in general — Treaties — Treaty not incorporated into English law — Whether capable of conferring rights upon individuals enforceable in an English court — European Convention on Human Rights, 1951 — Right to privacy — Telephone tapping — The law of the England

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Whether justiciable in municipal court — Whether relevant in determining common law — The law of England

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Jurisdiction of Chamber — Whether to relinquish in favour of plenary Court — Whether case raises serious questions affecting interpretation of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Telephone tapping authorized by warrant of senior minister — Whether unlawful — Right to respect for private life — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 8 — Whether justiciable in municipal court — Whether relevant in determining common law — General right of privacy — Right of privacy and property in respect of telephone conversations — Whether recognized by English law — Domestic remedy for telephone tapping — European Court of Human Rights — Jurisdiction of Chamber — Whether to relinquish in favour of plenary Court — Whether case raising serious questions affecting interpretation of Convention — Whether alleged activities an interference by public authority with a right guaranteed by the Convention — Whether justified — Article 8(2) of the Convention — Whether in accordance with the law — Quality of the law — Accessibility and foreseeability — Legal protection against arbitrary use of discretion — Scope and manner of exercise — Whether to be indicated in law — Whether interference necessary in a democratic society — Practice of metering of telephone lines — Whether applicant potentially liable to be affected — Legal safeguards — Effective remedy before national authority for violation of Convention — Article 13 — Whether necessary to examine issue — Just satisfaction — Article 50 — The law of England — The European Convention on Human Rights

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 8 — Right to respect for private life, home and correspondence — Permissible exceptions under Article 8(2) — Tapping of telephone of legal counsel — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Refugees — Entitlement to naturalization — Whether follows automatically from right to asylum — Federal Basic Law 1949, Article 16(2) — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 34 — Clause of benevolence in favour of refugees — Whether limits discretionary powers of authorities to grant naturalization — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — Naturalization — Refugees — Entitlement to naturalization — Whether follows automatically from right to asylum — Federal Basic Law 1949, Article 16(2) — State interest in naturalization of persons entitled to asylum — Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 34 — Whether part of municipal law — Clause of benevolence in favour of refugees — Whether limiting discretionary powers of authorities to grant naturalization — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

International law in general — Nature and binding force — General rules of international law — Derogation from such rules by bilateral treaty — Right of establishment of aliens — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Right of establishment of aliens — Discretionary powers of municipal authorities — Whether limited by international treaty obligations — Federal Republic of Germany-Greece Treaty of Navigation and Establishment, 1960 — Whether directly applicable under municipal law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Interpretation by reference to memorandum to treaty — Federal Republic of Germany-Greece Treaty of Navigation and Establishment, 1960 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Admission of — Right of establishment — Residence permit granted to foreign national — Prohibition on establishing trade or business — Discretionary powers of municipal authorities — Whether limited by international treaty obligations — Whether such obligations directly applicable under municipal law — Federal Republic of Germany-Greece Treaty of Navigation and Establishment, 1960 — Interpretation by reference to memorandum to Treaty — Whether any duty under international law to allow aliens access to business activity — Derogations from general international law by treaty — Clause of benevolence — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Admission of — Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Fugitives leaving their country of origin with national passports and entry clearances for Israel — Refusal to settle in Israel and accept Israeli nationality — Renewal of national passports in Israel with a view to travelling to France to seek asylum — Whether Israel a country of asylum in such circumstances — Whether renewal of national passports amounting to voluntarily re-availing themselves of the protection of their country of nationality — Article 1C(1) of the Convention — The law of France

The individual in international law — Aliens — Admission of — Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1A(2) — Application based on persecution in country of origin — Prosecution for failure to return — Sentence of one year and eight months' imprisonment and confiscation of property — Whether constituting persecution — The law of France

The individual in international law — Aliens — Admission of — Application for admission as refugee — First receiving country — Significance of failure to invoke refugee status immediately upon leaving State of origin — Definition of refugee — Well-founded fear of persecution for political opinion — Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1 A — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Protection by the National State — Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1A(2) — Minor child of female refugee — Child having nationality different from that of mother — Father deceased — Child able to avail herself of consular protection of authorities of her country of nationality — Whether eligible to be recognized as refugee — The law of France

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Right of asylum — Refugees — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1 — Definition of political persecution establishing right of asylum — Escape from East-bloc country — Likelihood of prosecution for escaping if refugee ever returned — Whether sufficient grounds for granting asylum — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Basic procedural rights — Whether identical to rights of nationals — Prejudice due to ignorance of language — Right to comprehensible legal advice concerning right of appeal — Whether includes right to instructions in native language — Failure to comply with time-limit for appeal — Duty of alien to exercise reasonable care — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Application for refugee status — First receiving country — Significance of residence of four years in another country after departure from State of origin — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1 A (2) — The law of France

State responsibility — Claims — In general — Victim of Nazi persecution — Foreign national — Reparations claim — Lack of diplomatic relations between State of domicile and Federal Republic of Germany — Whether bar to claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956, as amended — Whether such bar contrary to international law — Protection of State interests — Principle of equality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Compensation and reparation — Victims of Nazi persecution — Reparations claim — Foreign national — Lack of diplomatic relations between State of domicile and Federal Republic of Germany — Bar to claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956, as amendedWhether contrary to intemational law — Principle of equality — Legitimate protection of State interests — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Plea of non-discrimination — Victim of Nazi persecution in Germany — Claim under Federal Compensation Law 1956 — Entitlement of aliens to compensation conditional upon existence of diplomatic relations between Federal Republic of Germany and State of domicile — Whether contrary to international law — Legitimate protection of State interests — Principle of equality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Procedure — Whether expulsion amounts to disguised extradition — Handing over to border police of State which had originally sought extradition and subsequently withdrawn request — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of expulsion — Behaviour of a political nature — Whether justifying expulsion where no threat to public order — The law of France

The individual in international law — Aliens — Expulsion of — Procedure — Right to be notified of reasons for expulsion — Right to a hearing before special Commission — Notification alleging “breaches of political neutrality” — Whether sufficient to enable alien to present his case effectively before Commission — Ordinance relating to the Entry and Residence of Aliens 1945, Articles 23–26 — Whether application prevented by terms of France-Switzerland Treaty of Establishment, 1882 — Interpretation by Minister for Foreign Affairs — Behaviour of a political nature — Whether justifies expulsion where no threat to public order — The law of France