International law in general — Nature and binding force — Establishment of new rule of customary international law — Generalized State practice — New trends accepted by United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea — Whether customary rule abrogates rule contained in Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958 — The law of France

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Establishment of new rule — Generalized State practice — New trends accepted by United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea — Whether new customary rule abrogates rule contained in Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958 — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Territorial water — Coasting trade and fisheries — Establishment of 200-mile “economic zones” beyond coastline — Exclusion of foreign nationals from fishing within such zones beyond 12-mile limit — London Convention, 1964 — France Spain General Fisheries Agreement, 1967 — Mutual fishing rights in “reserved zone” between 6 and 12 miles off coast of contracting partie — Whether economic zones to be regarded as extension of reserved zone under Convention — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Fisheries — Establishment of 200-mile “economic zones” beyond coastline — Exclusion of foreign nationals from fishing within such zones beyond 12-mile limit — EEC fisheries licensing system — Community Regulations enacted within framework of Treaty of Rome — Whether binding on third States and their national — Effect of acquiescence — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Effect of treaties on third parties — EEC Regulations enacted within framework of Treaty of Rome — Licensing system for fisheries — Whether binding on third States and their nationals — Effect of acquiescence — The law of France

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Clear text — Presumed intention of the parties — Whether interpretation of treaties a matter for municipal courts — The law of France

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Establishment of 200-mile "economic zones" beyond coastline — Generalized State practice — Whether reflecting new rule of customary international law — New trends accepted by United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea — Whether new customary rule abrogates rule contained in Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958 — Exclusion of foreign nationals from fishing within economic zones beyond 12-mile limit — London Fisheries Convention, 1964 — France-Spain General Fisheries Agreement, 1967 — Mutual fishing rights in "reserved zone" between 6 and 12 miles off coasts of contracting parties — Whether economic zones to be regarded as extension of reserved zone under Convention — Interpretation of treaties — Clear text — Presumed intention of the parties — Whether interpretation a matter for municipal courts — Jurisdiction over fisheries — EEC licensing system — Community Regulations enacted within framework of Treaty of Rome — Whether binding on third States and their nationals — Effect of acquiescence — The law of France

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Confiscation of enemy property during Second World War — Property situated in confiscating State — Whether municipal courts have jurisdiction to examine legality under international law of confiscation by foreign State — Whether retention of confiscated assets following termination of hostilities violates international law — United States Trading with the Enemy Act 1917 — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Respect for property — Expropriation — Wartime confiscation of property of enemy aliens — Whether amounts to permanent deprivation of ownership — Whether retention of confiscated assets following termination of hostilities violates international law — United States Trading with the Enemy Act 1917 — The law of the Netherlands

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On enemy subjects with regard to their property and other rights — United States Trading with the Enemy Act 1917 — Confiscation of enemy property — Property situated in confiscating State — Whether municipal courts have jurisdiction to examine legality under international law of confiscation by foreign State — The law of the Netherlands

War and neutrality — War in general — Enemy character — Of corporations — Control test — United States Trading with the Enemy Act 1917 — The law of the Netherlands

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Compensation and reparation — Right to seize assets of subjects of aggressor State as reparation for war damage — Whether limited by international law to cases where treaty requires national State to compensate its subjects — The law of the Nether lands

i.—Over Territory in general and Persons and Property situated therein. Territorial Limits of Jurisdiction. Expropriation of Alien Property.

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation of alien property — Confiscation of enemy property during Second World War — United States Trading with the Enemy Act 1917 — Property situated in confiscating State — Whether municipal courts have jurisdiction to examine legality under international law of confiscation by foreign State — Whether wartime confiscation amounts to permanent deprivation of ownership — Whether retention of confiscated assets following termination of hostilities violates international law — Right to seize assets of subjects of aggressor State as reparation for war damage — Whether limited by international law to cases where treaty requires national State to compensate its subjects — Enemy character of corporations — Control test — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Criminal offence committed abroad — Extent of jurisdiction to try offence — The law of Zambia

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Criminal offence — Committed by foreign national outside territory of forum State — Whether courts have jurisdiction to try offence — Extent of jurisdiction — Extent of jurisdiction — The law of Zambia

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Application for injunction restraining imports by foreign companies — Whether Dutch courts may grant injunctions against foreign companies with no establishment in the Netherlands — The law of the Netherlands

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Defence of superior order — Unlawful seizure of aircraft — Accused claiming to have acted as a soldier — Whether entitled to plead superior order — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Unlawful seizure of aircraf — Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 1970 — Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971 — Presence of accused in the Nether lands as basis of exercise of jurisdiction — Defence of superior orders and acting under duress — The law of the Netherlands

International law in genera — Relation to municipal law — Conflict between provisions of municipal law and customary international law — Precedence given to rules of international law by Article 25 of Federal Basic La — Whether conflicting rules of municipal law therefore unconstitutional — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Criminal jurisdiction — In respect of drug offences committed abroad by foreigners — Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, Article 36 — Principle of universality of law — Whether application contrary to international law in the absence of specific treaty provision — Whether contrary to principle of non-intervention — Requirement of genuine connecting factor — Whether defined by international law — Conflict between provisions of municipal law and customary international law — Precedence given to rules of international law by Article 25 of Federal Basic Law 1949 — Whether conflicting rules of municipal law therefore unconstitutional — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Sovereign immunity — Principle of immunity of embassy funds from enforcement jurisdiction of receiving State — Decision of German Constitutional Court as evidence of customary international law — The law of England

International law in genera — Relation to municipal law — Sovereign immunity — Immunity from execution — Bank accounts in name of embassy — Construction of English legislation — State Immunity Act 1978 — Whether permissible to construe Act against background of principles of intemational law — Whether recourse to intemational law always permissible where municipal legislation applies to interState relations or only in the event of ambiguity in municipal legislation — Relevance of intemational customary and treaty law — Principle of customary law derived from accepted practice as evidenced by judicial decisions in other jurisdiction — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In foreign relations — Soverign immunity — Immunity from enforcement — Funds belonging to Republic of Colombia in London bank accounts — Certificate by Ambassador that funds in use for non-commercial purposes of meeting day to day running costs of Embassy — whether purpose commercial — State Immunity Act 1978 — Principles of international customary and treaty law on immunity from enforcement jurisdiction — The law of England

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic envoys and their staff — Immunity from execution of embassy property — Bank account in name of embassy — Funds used for meeting running expenses of embassy — Whether funds in use for commercial purposes — Duty of receiving State to accord full facilities for functioning of diplomatic mission — State Immunity Act 1978 — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Immunity from execution — Judgment creditor seeking to levy execution against foreign State by attachment of funds in foreign State's bank account in London — Whether permissible for English courts to exercise enforcement jurisdiction in this manner — State Immunity Act 1978 — Sections 3, 13 and 17 — Certificate of Ambassador stating that funds in question were in use for non-commercial purposes of meeting “expenditure necessarily incurred in the day to day running of the Diplomatic Mission” — Meaning of “commercial” — Relevance of principles of international law in construction of municipal legislation — Customary and treaty law on immunity of sending State from enforcement jurisdiction of receiving State — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Onus of proving property in use for commercial purposes — Evidential weight of certificate of head of diplomatic mission — The law of England

International organization and administration — International officials — European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol — Employee — Contract of employment — Termination of — Action for decree of nullity — Whether municipal courts have jurisdiction — Legal status of Eurocontrol — Proper forum for disputes involving its personnel — Nature of employment relationship — Applicable law — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — International organizations — European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol) — Employee — Contract of employment — Termination — Dispute — Whether municipal courts have jurisdiction — Legal status of Eurocontrol — Proper forum for disputes involving its personnel — Nature of employment relationship — Applicable law — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — Whether provisions of Dutch Firearms Act apply to offences committed by nationals abroad — Dutch servicemen — Code of Military Criminal Law — Whether any requirement that offences be punishable under law of the country where they are committed — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — In general — Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — Whether provisions of Dutch Road Traffic Act apply to offences committed by nationals abroad — Whether any requirement that offence be punishable under law of place of commission — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — High seas — Jurisdiction on the high seas — For ensuring the safety of traffic — Collisions — Salvage — Negligent navigation in recognized sailing routes — Removal of wreck by State assuming responsibility for upkeep of approaches to its waterways Whether State entitled to recover costs of removal in the absence of any legal duty to effect it — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — High seas — Jurisdiction on the high seas — For ensuring of municipal laws — Dutch Telegraph and Telephone Act 1904, Article 3 — European Agreement for the Prevention of Broadcasts transmitted from Stations outside National Territories, 1965 — Whether municipal legislation contrary to European Agreement — Sanctions against nationals for offences committed outside national territory — Whether such sanctions contrary to international law — The law of the Netherlands

State territory — Parts of — Territorial water — Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Establishment of territorial zone beyond three-mile limit by unilateral declaration — Whether contrary to freedom of the sea — Whether compatible with current international law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State territory — Parts of — Territorial water — Jurisdiction in the maritime belt — Rights of coastal State in contiguous zone — Whether such zone remains part of the high sea — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Continental shelf — Rights of coastal State over continental shelf — Whether affect status of superjacent waters as high sea — Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 195 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — In general-Personal — Over nationals in respect of crimes committed abroad — War crimes — Dutch Decree establishing Extraordinary Penal Provisions 1943-71 — Dutch Penal Code — Whether nationality of accused at time of commission of offences decisive — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — High Seas — Conception of the high seas and freedom of the sea — Contiguous zone adjacent to territorial waters — Whether part of the high seas — Unilateral declarations of States extending their territorial sea beyond three-mile limit — Whether contrary to freedom of the sea — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958 — Superjacent waters above continental shelf — Whether part of the high seas — Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Jurisdiction — High seas — Jurisdiction on the high seas — For enforcement of hovering, revenue and other municipal laws — Jurisdiction of State of domicile over persons employed on board ship on high seas — Competence to levy taxation on income earned in such employment — Whether such income deemed to have been earned in flag State — Fiction of ship as floating part of territory of flag State — Whether acceptable — Whether applicable inside foreign territorial waters — Federal Republic of Germany-Liberia Double Taxation Agreement, 1970 — Vessel permanently stationed off coastline outside territorial waters — Whether subject to jurisdiction of coastal State — Rights of coastal State in contiguous zone — Whether such zone remains part of the high seas — Geneva Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958 — Breadth of territorial waters — Establishment of territorial zone beyond three-mile limit by unilateral declaration of coastal State — Whether contrary to freedom of the sea — Whether compatible with current international law — Rights of coastal State over continental shelf — Whether affect status of superjacent waters as high seas — Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

International law in general — Sources — Hierarchy of sources of international law — Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, 1945 — Whether treaty law or general principles of law to be applied first — The law of the Netherlands

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of interpretation — Convention for the Protection of Submarine Cables, 1884 — Use of submarine telephone cables not contemplated when Convention concluded — Whether reasonable interpretation of Convention allows for the protection of such cables — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — High seas — Submarine cables — Damage to cables caused by ship's anchor — Liability in tort — Applicable law — Whether municipal or international law applicable — Whether written or unwritten rules of international law to be applied first — Hierarchy of sources of international law — Statute of the International Court of Justice, 1945, Article 38(1) — Convention for the Protection of Submarine Cables, 1884 — Interpretation — Whether covering telephone cables — The law of the Netherlands

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of — Treatment by and responsibilities of the receiving State — Repudiation by Government of Agreement with foreign company — Whether arbitrary confiscation of property or compulsory acquisition without compensation — The law of Jamaica

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Expropriation — Contract of guarantee between Government and foreign company — Undertaking by Government not to increase taxes or royalties payable by company — Repudiation of contract by Government — Whether amounting to arbitrary confiscation of property or compulsory acquisition without compensation — The law of Jamaica

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Executive inaction — Explosion at sea caused by undetected depth-charge dropped by State warship — Action for damages — Responsibility of Dutch State for damage occurring outside territorial waters — Whether State owes duty of care to fishermen in respect of depth-charges dropped by it on the high seas in times of peace — The law of the Netherlands

State territory — In general — Nature of territorial sovereignty — Violation of territorial sovereignty — Clandestine operations conducted by agents of one State upon territory of another — Compensation

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — Violation of Article 2(4) of the Charter of the United Nations — Ship sunk and crewman killed by agents of one State in the territory of another — Responsibility of State whose agents carried out the attack

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of claims — Ship sunk and crewman killed by agents of one State in territory of another — Right of State in which sinking occurred to claim — Deceased possessing nationality of third State — Ship flying flag of third State — Ship owned by nationals of third State

State responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — Grounds for awarding damages — Infringement of territorial sovereignty — Whether ground for award of damages — Whether State whose territory violated entitled to damages for violation as well as for material loss

Disputes — Miscellaneous — Reference of dispute between States to Secretary-General of the United Nations — Binding quality of ruling — Procedure

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Executive action — Infringement of territory of State carried out by agents of foreign State — Clandestine operations in territory of other State — Sinking ship by placing explosives — Violation of territorial sovereignty — Violation of Charter of the United Nations — International responsibility

Claims — Damages — Whether State entitled to damages for infringement of territorial sovereignty as well as for material loss — Nationality of claims — State in whose territory attack occurred not entitled to claim for death of foreign national or damage to foreign ship — Whether entitled to take interest in settlement of such claims in context of overall settlement of inter-State claims

Criminal responsibility of individual State agents — Whether guilty of terrorist acts — Plea of superior orders — Principles in imposing prison sentences — Release as part of overall settlement — The law of New Zealand

Disputes — Miscellaneous methods of settlement — Reference to United Nations Secretary-General — Binding force of ruling — Procedure

Diplomatic and consular intercourse~and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Representatives sent by or accredited to the United Nation — Permanent State representative accredited to UNESCO in Paris — Entitlement of wife to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts under France-UNESCO Agreement regarding Headquarters and Privileges and Immunities of UNESCO, 1954, Article 18 — Impossibility of bringing action against wife of representative for eviction and rent arrears — Whether French State liable to compensate lessor unable to assert rights owing to immunity granted under Agreemen — Principle of equality of citizens before the public authorities — Whether binding on third States and their national — The law of France

International organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — UNESCO — State representative accredited to UNESCO — Entitlement of wife to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts under France-UNESCO Agreement on Headquarters and Privileges and Immunities of UNESCO, 1954, Article 18 — Impossibility of bringing action against wife of representative for eviction and rent arrears — Whether French State liable to compensate lessor unable to assert rights owing to immunity granted under Agreement — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — Miscellaneous — Responsibility for consequences of international agreement — France-UNESCO Agreement regarding Headquarters and Privileges and Immunities of UNESCO, 1954, Article 18 — Immunity of State representatives and their families accredited to UNESCO — Impossibility of bringing action against wife of accredited State representative for eviction and rent arrears — Whether France liable to compensate lessor unable to assert rights owing to immunity granted under Agreement — Principle of equality of citizens before public authorities — The law of France

International law in general — Nature and binding force — Freedom of States to derogate from rules of international law in their bilateral relations — Whether derogation from nationality of claims rule by treaty admissible — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Compensation and reparation — Victims of Nazi persecution — France-Federal Republic of Germany Agreement for Global Reparations Payments, 1960 — Provision for Agreement to benefit persons who acquired French nationality subsequent to injury but prior to conclusion of Agreement — Whether permissible derogation from nationality of claims rule under international law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of claims — France-Federal Republic of Germany Agreement for Global Reparations Payments, 1960 — Victims of Nazi persecution — Provision for Agreement to benefit persons who acquired French nationality subsequent to injury but prior to conclusion of Agreement — Whether contrary to nationality of claims rule — Whether international law permits derogation from this rule by treaty — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State responsibility — Claims — State control over private claims — Netherlands-Indonesia Lump Sum Settlement Agreement, 1966 — Indonesian measures of nationalization — Lump sum payment to Dutch State in settlement of claims of its nationals — Adjudication and distribution by Dutch State of funds claimed — Whether payments to individual claimants in settlement of such claims constitute profits made in the Netherlands or a gain attributable to a permanent establishment in Indonesia — Indonesia-Netherlands Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation, 1973 — The law of the Netherlands