Aliens — Position of — Treatment by receiving State — Asylum for persons liable to political persecution — Extent of right to grant asylum — The law of Germany.

Extradition — Political offences — Determination of — Whether conduct of alleged offender in State of refuge and subsequent to commission of offence is relevant for determination of character — Possibility of political motivation of punishment — The rule of specialty — The law of Germany.

Extradition — Procedure of — Defences — Political crime — Burden of proof of nature of crime — Standing of accused to raise defence after conviction — The law of the United States of America.

Extradition — Political crimes — Nature of — Offence committed in furtherance of political uprising — Persons convicted of or charged with such offence — Political relationship between demanding Government and accused — Relevance of — Burden of proof of nature of the crime — The law of the United States of America.

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Effect of statements of Executive — Letter from Foreign Office relating to status of "Commercial Department" of foreign Embassy — The law of France.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Foreign States — "Commercial Department" of foreign Embassy — Whether immunity distinct from immunity of Embassy — Whether immunity waived by terms of lease — The law of France.

Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Official premises — Whether including offices of “Commercial Department” — Whether conclusion of lease constitutes waiver of immunity — The law of France.

Permanent diplomatic envoys — Position and functions of "Commercial Department" of foreign Embassy — Whether distinct from Embassy — Waiver of immunity — Whether waived by lease — Effect of clause submitting to local jurisdiction — Whether waiver can be implied — The law of France.

Consuls — Position and functions of — Authority to apprehend deserters — The law of the United States of America.

Diplomatic envoys — Position and functions of — Authority to apprehend deserters — The law of the United States of America.

Diplomatic immunities — Retinue of diplomatic envoy — Servant of military attaché — Competence as witness — Immunity from prosecution for perjury — Waiver of immunity.

Diplomatic immunities — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Staff of diplomatic mission — Competence as witnesses — Immunity from prosecution for perjury — Waiver of immunity.

Diplomatic privileges and immunities — Representative accredited to United Nations — Exemption from jurisdiction of local courts — Action in rem — The law of the United States of America.

Consuls — Privileges and immunities of — Exemption from jurisdiction of local courts — Diplomatic rank — Proof of status — Uncertified document of Executive Department — Duty of court in absence of acceptable proof of status — The law of the United States of America.

Diplomatic immunities — Exemption from jurisdiction of local courts — Proof of diplomatic status — Uncertified document of Executive Department — Duty of court in absence of acceptable proof of diplomatic status — The law of the United States of America.

Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Subordinate members of diplomatic staff — Exemption from jurisdiction of local courts — Commercial attachés — Whether entitled to claim exemption — The law of Italy.

Officials of the United Nations — Retinue of — Privileges and immunities of — Act in performance of official duties — Immunity from criminal prosecution — Violation of traffic laws — The law of the United States of America.

Representatives accredited to the United Nations — Retinue of — Privileges and immunities of — Act in performance of official duties — Immunity from criminal prosecution — Violation of traffic laws — The law of the United States of America.

Diplomatic privileges and immunities — Retinue of diplomatic envoy — Envoy accredited to third State — Immunity from criminal prosecution — Violation of traffic laws — The law of the United States of America.

Succession of Governments — In general — Succession with regard to contractual obligations — Waiver of diplomatic immunity in contract for purchase of premises to be used as legation — Whether binding on successor Government — Contract made by Kingdom of Bulgaria — Whether binding on Government of People's Republic of Bulgaria.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Waiver of immunity — Express waiver in contract of purchase of land and premises — Submission to jurisdiction of local courts — Effect and scope of such clause.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Property of foreign States — Real property — Whether subject to jurisdiction of local State — Distinction between imperium and dominium — Relevance of use of premises for diplomatic purposes — The law of Germany.

Diplomatic and consular intercourse — Miscellaneous — Diplomatic premises — Immunity of — Relevance of number and location of embassy buildings — Relevance of distance of premises from capital.

Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic premises — Immunity from jurisdiction — Theory of imperium of local sovereign — Principle of exterritoriality — Extent of validity in contemporary international law — Extent to which immunity derived from person of envoy — Theory of functional necessity — Relevance of distance of diplomatic premises from capital — Effect of termination of diplomatic use of premises — Relevance of involuntary nature of termination — Distinction between temporary cessation of use through suspension of diplomatic relations and permanent termination of use — Immunity of premises from jurisdiction of special courts — Restitution courts — Nature of restitution proceedings — Relevance of fact that restitution claims are claims in rem — Competence of restitution court to determine ancillary claims in personam.

International law — Relation to municipal law — International law expressly part of municipal law by Constitution — Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany, Article 25 — Applicability of Article 25 to West Berlin — Application of international law by West Berlin courts apart from Article 25.

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence — Conclusiveness of statements of Executive — Recognition of Government as de jure Government of foreign State — Special court established by agreement between several States — Who is "Executive" for such a Court — Supreme Restitution Courts in GermanyRecognition of National Government of Republic of Latvia as de jure Government of State of Latvia by Governments of France, United Kingdom, United States of America and Federal Republic of Germany.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Property of foreign States — Real property — Whether subject to jurisdiction of local State — Distinction between imperium and dominium — Relevance of use of premises for diplomatic purposes — The law of Germany.

Diplomatic and consular intercourse — Miscellaneous — Diplomatic premises — Immunity of — Relevance of number and location of embassy buildings — Relevance of distance of premises from capital.

Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Legislative functions of Occupant — Applicability of international law to legislation promulgated by Occupant — Special nature of such legislation in relation to international law — Restitution Laws promulgated by Western Powers in West Germany.

Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic premises — Immunity from jurisdiction — Theory of imperium of local sovereign — Principle of exterritoriality — Extent of validity in contemporary international law — Extent to which immunity derived from person of envoy — Comity and reciprocity as origin of immunity — Present legal basis of immunity — Theory of functional necessity — Relevance of distance of diplomatic premises from capital — Property in West Berlin — Effect of termination of diplomatic use of premises — Relevance of involuntary nature of termination — Distinction between temporary cessation of use through suspension of diplomatic relations and termination of use.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Property of foreign States — Real property — Whether subject to jurisdiction of local State — Distinction between imperium and dominium — Relevance of use of premises for diplomatic purposes — The law of Germany.

Diplomatic and consular intercourse — Miscellaneous — Diplomatic premises — Immunity of — Relevance of number and location of embassy buildings — Relevance of distance of premises from capital.

Belligerent occupation — Legislative functions of Occupant — Legislation promulgated by Occupant — Whether binding on other enemy States in relation to property and transactions in occupied territory — Restitution Law promulgated by Three Western Powers in Germany — Whether applicable to property of Hungarian State in Germany.

Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic premises — Immunity from jurisdiction — Theory of imperium of local sovereign — Principle of exterritoriality — Extent to which valid in contemporary international law — Extent to which derived from person of envoy — Theory of functional necessity — Relevance of distance of diplomatic premises from capital — Effect of termination of diplomatic use of premises — Relevance of involuntary nature of termination — Distinction between temporary cessation of use through suspension of diplomatic relations and permanent termination of use — Immunity of premises from jurisdiction of special courts — Restitution courts — Nature of restitution proceedings — Relevance of fact that restitution claims are claims in rem — Competence of restitution court to determine ancillary claims in personam — Waiver of immunity — Whether purchase of real property for embassy premises by contract subject to local law amounts to implied waiver.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Restitution Law in Germany — Overriding effect of international law.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Peace treaties — Peace Treaty with Japan, 1951, Articles 14 and 16 — Exemption of property used for diplomatic or consular purposes from seizure in respect of reparations or indemnity — Exemption of such property “ owned ” by Japan — Effect of restitution claim in respect of such property in Germany — Validity of ownership put in issue.

War — In general — Termination of war — Obligation of defeated State to terminate diplomatic relations with other States — Effect of intention to restore such relations — Immunity of diplomatic premises — Whether such intention effective to prevent termination of immunity — Japanese Surrender, 1945 — Termination of diplomatic relations with Germany.

Belligerent occupation — Legislative functions of Occupant — Legislation promulgated by Occupant — Special nature of — Extension of application by analogy — Allied Kommandatura Law No. 7 — Immunity from jurisdiction of German courts of persons accredited to Allied Control Council — Whether applicable by analogy to foreign States.

Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic premises — Requirement of actual use and possession of property for diplomatic purposes — Cessation of such use on obligatory termination of diplomatic relations after war — Effect of Intention to restore such relations — Termination of relations between Japan and Germany in 1945 — Legal basis of diplomatic immunity — Comity and reciprocity as origin of immunity — Rejection of theory of absolute exterritoriality — Theory of functional necessity — Relation to maxim ne impediatur legatio — Relation of immunity of premises to personal immunity of envoy — Relevance of distance of premises from capital — Property in Berlin — Relevance of intention to use property for diplomatic purposes before Berlin again the capital of Germany.

Special envoys — Members of Venezuelan Naval Mission stationed in Italy — Whether exempt from jurisdiction of Italian courts at suit of Italian employee of naval mess — Distinction between acts jure imperii and acts jure gestionis — The law of Italy.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Commercial treaties — Operation of — In municipal law — Trade Agreement concluded under authority conferred by municipal legislation — Failure to secure legislative approval required for " treaties " — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Constitutional limitations — Executive Agreement — Constitutional requirement of legislative approval of “treaties” — Failure to secure such approval — Trade Agreement concluded under authority conferred by municipal legislation — The law of the United States of America.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — European Commission of Human Rights — Individual applications — Compensation under Austrian State Treaty — Application of Austrian reservation to Convention — Consideration of purpose of reservation — Construction according to principle of effectiveness.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and rules of — Principle of effectiveness — Applicability to Austrian reservation to European Convention on Human Rights.

Treaties — Operation of — Reservations — Scope of — European Convention for Protection of Human Rights, 1950 — Austrian reservation — Exclusion of “interference” with certain parts of Austrian State Treaty — Whether reservation extends to subsequent Austrian legislation — Connection between Treaty and legislation — Legislation referring to subject-matter of relevant parts of State Treaty.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Entry Into force — Whether treaty applicable to acts occurring prior to entry into force — Application to subsequent facts only — European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 — Individual applications — Principle of non bis in idem — Domestic remedies exhausted since previous application — Right to proper administration of justice.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Terms of Treaty providing for entry into force on signature — Constitution of one Contracting Party providing for requirement of ratification — Whether Treaty applicable in territory of such Party from date of signature or from date of ratification — The law of France;

Treaties — Entry into force — Terms of Treaty providing for entry into force on signature — Constitution of one Contracting Party providing for requirement of ratification — Whether Treaty applicable in territory of such Party from date of signature or from date of ratification — Treaty of August 16, 1955, between France and Vietnam — The law of France.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Inter — Governmental Agreement — Exchange of letters annexed to Agreement — Letters not published as provided by constitutional law of country of forum — Whether parties to proceedings in country of forum entitled to rely on content of letters — The law of France.

Treaties — Operation of — Inter-Governmental Agreement — Exchange of letters annexed to Agreement — Letters not published as provided by constitutional law of country of forum — Whether parties to proceedings in country of forum entitled to rely on content of letters — The law of France.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Municipal decree giving effect to content of treaty — General municipal law inconsistent with decree — Whether provisions of decree or general municipal law applicable — The law of France.

Treaties — Operation of — Municipal decree giving effect to content of treaty — General municipal law inconsistent with decree — Whether provisions of decree or general municipal law applicable — The law of France.

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Whether individuals can claim rights under treaties — Effect of Agreement between United Kingdom and Israel relating to transfer of pension liabilities — Treaty not incorporated in domestic law — Whether pensioner " relies " upon Treaty in making claim.

State succession — Pensions — Agreement between United Kingdom and Israel — Whether enforceable in Israel at instance of pensioner — The law of Israel.

The individual in international law — Position of — In relation to treaties — Whether entitled to make claims in reliance upon treaty — Treaty not incorporated into municipal law — Effect of Treaty between United Kingdom and Israel relating to assumption of pension obligations — Claim by pensioner against State of Israel The law of Israel.

Treaties — Operation and enforcement of — Absence of municipal legislation — Claim referring to treaty — Whether national of Contracting Party has cause of action against his Government arising out of treaty — Whether claim relies on treaty — Collateral agreement between plaintiff and defendant Government — The law of Israel.