Jurisdiction — Territorial — Taxation of Aliens — “Due Process of Law.”

Economics, trade and finance — International trade — Anticompetitive practices — Price fixing — Agreements between producers outside the European Community to fix prices — Effect on the European Economic Community — Whether involving violation of Community competition law — European Economic Community Treaty, 1957, Article 85 — Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Recommendation on Co-operation between States on Restrictive Practices affecting International Trade

Jurisdiction — Principles of — Whether international law conferring jurisdiction upon States or imposing limitations upon a jurisdiction derived from State sovereignty — Lotus principle — Territorial jurisdiction — Extent of territorial principle — Effects doctrine — Whether compatible with international law — Antitrust cases — Price fixing agreement concluded outside European Economic Community — Effects within Community — Acts inside Community in implementation of agreement — Whether parties to agreement violating Community law — Basis for Community to assert jurisdiction

Relationship of international law and municipal law — European Economic Community law — Relationship with international law — International law principles regarding jurisdiction of States — Whether applicable to European Economic Community

Treaties — Application — EEC-Finland Free Trade Agreement — Whether precluding application of Community competition law to Finnish undertakings — The law of the European Economic Community

International organizations — Staff — Appeals mechanism — International Labour Organization Administrative Tribunal — Provision for challenge to judgment of the Tribunal by request to International Court of Justice for advisory opinion — Request for suspension of execution of judgment pending opinion — Admissibility of request — Powers of the Tribunal in the absence of express provisions in statute — Impossibility of tribunal assessing soundness of its own judgments — Imbalance in rights of the parties

International Court of Justice — Advisory jurisdiction — International staff cases — Challenge to judgment of International Labour Organization Administrative Tribunal — Stay of execution of judgment pending opinion

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — Doctrine of incorporation — Primacy of statute over rule of customary international law — State immunity

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Claim against State for torture allegedly committed by State officials — Acts of torture allegedly committed in Kuwait and United Kingdom by agents of Kuwaiti Government — Whether English courts have jurisdiction in respect of torture committed in Kuwait being acts in violation of international law — State immunity governed by statute — Whether explicit provision required in statute to establish exception to immunity — Tortious acts committed within jurisdiction — Standard of proof required to establish exception to immunity — Balance of probabilities — State Immunity Act 1978, Sections 1 and 5 — The Law of England

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and State-owned corporations — Attachment and execution — Pre-judgment attachment of property belonging to foreign State or its agencies and instrumentalities — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether express waiver of immunity required for pre-judgment attachment — Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955, between United States and Iran — Whether amounting to waiver — Iranian Assets Control Regulations — Scope and nature — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — Immunity from — Foreign State acting as Trustee of Private Property.

Recognition — Effects of Non-Recognition — Holland and the Soviet Government — Liquidation of Russian Insurance Companies — Legality of Acts of Liquidator Outside Russia — Legislation Emanating from Unrecognised Government — Interpretation of Measures Contrary to Public Order — Extraterritorial Effects of Russian Legislation.

British Commonwealth of Nations — Relationship of Irish Free State and Great Britain — Legislative Competence of Irish Free State — Treaty of 1921 — Abrogation of Treaty by Inconsistent Legislation — Irish Free State Agreement Act, 1922 — Colonial Laws Validity Act, 1865 — Statute of Westminster, 1931 — Right of Appeal to His Majesty in Council

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 1994 (“TRIPS Agreement”) — India’s obligations under TRIPS Agreement — Compatibility with Indian patent law — Changes in Indian patent law — Patent Act — Legislative history — Patent Act 1970 amended in 2005 — Interpretation — Section 3(d) of Patent Act — Whether drug of pharmaceutical company having enhanced efficacy — Whether pharmaceutical company could patent drug — Whether drug satisfying test of patentability or invention under Patent Act — Whether Section 3(d) of Patent Act applicable

Treaties — Application — TRIPS Agreement — Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 2001 — India’s treaty obligations — International developments impacting on Indian patent regime — Changes to Indian patent law — Patent Act 1970 amended in 2005 — Section 3(d) of Patent Act — Whether applicable — Whether pharmaceutical company could patent drug — Whether drug satisfying test of patentability or invention under Patent Act — Whether drug having enhanced efficacy — Whether Section 3(d) of Patent Act applicable

Economics, trade and finance — Intellectual property rights — World Trade Organization rules on intellectual property — TRIPS Agreement — Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 2001 — Harmonization of Indian patent law — Indian Patent Act 1970 as amended in 2005 — Patent protection for pharmaceutical products — Whether pharmaceutical company could patent drug — Whether drug satisfying test of patentability or invention under Patent Act — Whether Section 3(d) of Patent Act applicable

Human rights — Right to health care — Public health concerns — TRIPS Agreement — Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 2001 — Indian Patent Act — Whether meeting public health concerns — Whether pharmaceutical company could patent drug — Whether drug satisfying test of patentability or invention under Patent Act — Whether Section 3(d) of Patent Act applicable — The law of India

Jurisdiction — Immunity of Foreign Sovereign State — Implied Waiver — Institution by State of Proceedings Before Another Municipal Tribunal — Set-Off

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial — Nationality principle — Offence committed outside prosecuting State — Offence committed by national in diplomatic premises of prosecuting State in foreign country — Territorial jurisdiction — Whether harmful effects sustained in prosecuting State sufficient to found jurisdiction

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Exercise of criminal jurisdiction by State over offences committed by nationals abroad — Requirement that international law rule be incorporated into domestic law by statute

Diplomatic relations — Premises — Whether embassy buildings constitute territory of sending or host State — The law of Zimbabwe

The individual in international law — Extradition — In general — Quantum of evidence necessary for allowing extradition — Test of evidence sufficient to put fugitive on trial — Decision of the extradition judge on the weight of the evidence — Whether and when reviewable — Limits of the review — The law of Canada

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In foreign relations — Slovakia — Establishment in 1939 — Whether a sovereign independent State — Whether responsible under international law for the diplomatic protection of its nationals abroad — Germany — Slovakia Treaty of Protection, 1939 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of — Nationality as affected by change of sovereignty — Germany Slovakia Treaty of Protection, 1939 — Whether acquisition of Slovak nationality under treaty compatible with international law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — As determining the right of protection of citizens abroad — Germany Slovakia Treaty of Protection, 1939 — Whether retroactive acquisition of Slovak nationality under treaty compatible with international law — Whether German Reich or Slovakia under duty to provide diplomatic protection to Slovak nationals abroad — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War and neutrality — War in general — Enforcement of the laws of war — Compensation and reparation — Person of Jewish descent and German ethnic origin — Emigration from Slovakia to Italy to avoid Nazi persecution — Internment by Italy during Second World War — Whether entitled to compensation from Federal Republic of Germany — Entitlement dependant on loss of German nationality and diplomatic protection of German Reich — Effect of change of sovereignty on nationality — Germany-Slovakia Treaty of Protection, 1939 — Whether retroactive acquisition of Slovak nationality under treaty compatible with international law — Whether German Reich or Slovakia under duty to provide protection to Slovak nationals abroad — Lack of independence of Slovakia — Whether occupying power in wartime under duty to provide protection to nationals of occupied territory abroad — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Mandated and Trust Territories — Rights and duties of Administering Authority — French Cameroons — Trusteeship Agreement giving France full powers of jurisdiction — General Assembly Resolution terminating Trusteeship Agreement — Whether French Conseil d'État retained jurisdiction in respect of administrative decisions of French authorities taken before trusteeship terminated — The law of France.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Special kinds of treaties — Air Transport Agreement between France and United States — Rights granted under — Rights of carriers to serve named route — Whether right to serve points of call not named in route — "General path" of route — Arbitration — Examination by arbitral tribunal of text of Agreement — Consideration of preliminary negotiations — Practice and subsequent conduct of parties.

Permanent Court of International Justice — Rules of — Change in Submissions — Alteration of the Character of the Dispute — Article 40 of the Statute and Article 32, paragraph 2, of the Rules.

Permanent Court of International Justice — Request for Changes in the Existing Legal Situation — Request for Instruction to the Parties to Engage in Negotiations with that Object in View — Changes of Submissions in the Course of Legal Proceedings — Article 40 of the Statute and Article 32, paragraph 2, of the Rules.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign States — Confiscatory Legislation — Extra-territorial Effect of — Foreign Bank as Mortgage Creditor — Nationalization of Foreign Bank — Discharge of Mortgage Debt by Payment to State Enterprise Substituted for Expropriated Creditor Bank — Whether Valid Discharge of Debt — Relevance of Debtor’s Good Faith.

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Waiver of rights — Estoppel — As a principle of substantlve law — Nature of principle — Whether Party estopped by official maps issued under influence of error in Award Map Whether Party on whose maps Award Map based responsible for error — Whether under legal duty to inform other Party or Arbitrator of error — Whether Party precluded by statements in diplomatic correspondence — Relevance of object of correspondence, state of geographical knowledge — Necessity that Parties be ad idem as to terms used.

Disputes — Arbitration — Evidence — The "critical date" — Meaning of — Whether the same for all purposes.

Disputes — Arbitration — The Award — Scope and Binding Force of — Error — Geographical error — Effect of — Extent to which boundary settled by A ward and Demarcation — Whether error effects a total rupture — Competence of Mixed Boundary Commission to settle boundary — Whether decision invalidated by error in own maps Interpretation of Award — Intention of Arbitrator — Relevance of preparatory work and subsequent acts of parties — " Interpretation and fulfilment " — Meaning of phrase — Whether referring to fulfilment by Parties or by Court — Interpretation of direction that boundary follow river — Whether it must follow major channel Historical and scientific evidence of major channel — Scientific criteria — Whether necessary to follow river to source when description affected by error.

State Territory — Parts of — Boundaries — Land boundaries — Determination by Arbitral Award — Effect of geographical error Fulfilment of Award by Parties — Estoppel — Part of boundary line following named river — Identification of river — Effect of division of river into two channels — Criteria for selection of appropriate channel.

Human rights — Right to fair trial — African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981, Article 7 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 14 — Right to legal aid and representation — Right to equal protection of the law — Whether judgment should be pronounced in open court — Right to consideration of defence evidence — Right to consideration of alleged conflict of interests of prosecutor — Whether sentence entailed a retrospective application of the law

International tribunals — African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights — Jurisdiction — Subject-matter jurisdiction — Whether Court having jurisdiction to hear the application — Admissibility — Whether application admissible

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Power to declare war — United States Constitution granting Congress the power to declare war — Deployment of United States forces following Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait — Whether President entitled to order military operations against Iraq without prior congressional declaration of war — Whether justiciable question — Political question doctrine

International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Powers under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations — Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait

War and armed conflict — War — Definition — Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait — Threat of military action by the United States — Whether military operations by United States forces against Iraq would constitute war — United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 (1990) — The law of the United States