To compare the accuracy of monitoring personal protective equipment (PPE) donning and doffing process between an artificial intelligent (AI) machine collaborated with remote human buddy support system and an onsite buddy, and to determine the degree of AI autonomy at the current development stage.

We conducted a pilot simulation study with 30 procedural scenarios (15 donning and 15 doffing, performed by one individual) incorporating random errors in 55 steps. In total, 195 steps were assessed.

The human–AI machine system and the onsite buddy assessed the procedures independently. The human–AI machine system performed the assessment via a tablet device, which was positioned to allow full-body visualization of the donning and doffing person.

The overall accuracy of PPE monitoring using the human–AI machine system was 100% and the overall accuracy of the onsite buddy was 99%. There was a very good agreement between the 2 methods (κ coefficient, 0.97). The current version of the AI technology was able to perform autonomously, without the remote human buddy’s rectification in 173 (89%) of 195 steps. It identified 67.3% of all the errors independently.

This study provides preliminary evidence suggesting that a human–AI machine system may be able to serve as a substitute or enhancement to an onsite buddy performing the PPE monitoring task. It provides practical assistance using a combination of a computer mirror, visual prompts, and verbal commands. However, further studies are required to examine its clinical efficacy with a diverse range of individuals performing the donning and doffing procedures.

To assess association of pharmacist gender with acceptance of antibiotic stewardship recommendations.

A retrospective evaluation of the Reducing Overuse of Antibiotics at Discharge (ROAD) Home intervention.

The study was conducted from May to October 2019 in a single academic medical center.

The study included patients receiving antibiotics on a hospitalist service who were nearing discharge.

During the intervention, clinical pharmacists (none who had specialist postgraduate infectious disease residency training) reviewed patients on antibiotics and led an antibiotic timeout (ie, structured conversation) prior to discharge to improve discharge antibiotic prescribing. We assessed the association of pharmacist gender with acceptance of timeout recommendations by hospitalists using logistic regression controlling for patient characteristics.

Over 6 months, pharmacists conducted 295 timeouts: 158 timeouts (53.6%) were conducted by 12 women, 137 (46.4%) were conducted by 8 men. Pharmacists recommended an antibiotic change in 82 timeouts (27.8%), of which 51 (62.2%) were accepted. Compared to male pharmacists, female pharmacists were less likely to recommend a discharge antibiotic change: 30 (19.0%) of 158 versus 52 (38.0%) of 137 (P < .001). Female pharmacists were also less likely to have a recommendation accepted: 10 (33.3%) of 30 versus 41 (8.8%) of 52 (P < .001). Thus, timeouts conducted by female versus male pharmacists were less likely to result in an antibiotic change: 10 (6.3%) of 158 versus 41 (29.9%) of 137 (P < .001). After adjustments, pharmacist gender remained significantly associated with whether recommended changes were accepted (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.10; 95%confidence interval [CI], 0.03–0.36 for female versus male pharmacists).

Antibiotic stewardship recommendations made by female clinical pharmacists were less likely to be accepted by hospitalists. Gender bias may play a role in the acceptance of clinical pharmacist recommendations, which could affect patient care and outcomes.

Nosocomial bloodstream infections (NBSIs) are adverse complications of hospitalization. Most interventions focus on intensive care units. Data on interventions involving patients’ personal care providers in hospitalwide settings are limited.

To evaluate the impact of department-level NBSI investigations on infection incidence.

Beginning in 2016, positive cultures, classified as suspected of being hospital acquired, were prospectively investigated by patients’ unit-based personal healthcare providers using a structured electronic questionnaire. After analyzing the conclusions of the investigation, a summary was sent quarterly to the departments and to hospital management. NBSI rates and clinical data during a 5-year period (2014–2018) were calculated and compared before and after the intervention (2014–2015 versus 2016–2018), using interrupted time-series analysis.

Among 4,135 bloodstream infections (BSIs), 1,237 (30%) were nosocomial. The rate of NBSI decreased from 4.58 per 1,000 admissions days in 2014 and 4.82 in 2015, to 3.81 in 2016, 2.94 in 2017 and 2.86 in 2018. Following a 4-month lag after introducing the intervention, the NBSI rate per 1000 admissions dropped significantly by 1.33 (P = .04; 95% CI, −2.58 to −0.07). The monthly NBSI rate continued to decrease significantly by 0.03 during the intervention period (P = .03; 95% CI, −0.06 to −0.002).

Detailed department-level investigations of NBSI events performed by healthcare providers, increased staff awareness and frontline ownership and were associated with a decrease in NBSI rates hospitalwide.

To describe the epidemiology of complex colon surgical procedures (COLO), stratified by present at time of surgery (PATOS) surgical-site infections (SSIs) and non-PATOS SSIs and their impact on the epidemiology of colon-surgery SSIs.

Retrospective cohort study.

SSI data were prospectively collected from patients undergoing colon surgical procedures (COLOs) as defined by the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) at 34 community hospitals in the southeastern United States from January 2015 to June 2019. Logistic regression models identified specific characteristics of complex COLO SSIs, complex non-PATOS COLO SSIs, and complex PATOS COLO SSIs.

Over the 4.5-year study period, we identified 720 complex COLO SSIs following 28,188 COLO surgeries (prevalence rate, 2.55 per 100 procedures). Overall, 544 complex COLO SSIs (76%) were complex non-PATOS COLO SSIs (prevalence rate [PR], 1.93 per 100 procedures) and 176 (24%) complex PATOS COLO SSIs (PR, 0.62 per 100 procedures). Age >75 years and operation duration in the >75th percentile were independently associated with non-PATOS SSIs but not PATOS SSIs. Conversely, emergency surgery and hospital volume for COLO procedures were independently associated with PATOS SSIs but not non-PATOS SSIs. The proportion of polymicrobial SSIs was significantly higher for non-PATOS SSIs compared with PATOS SSIs.

Complex PATOS COLO SSIs have distinct features from complex non-PATOS COLO SSIs. Removal of PATOS COLO SSIs from public reporting allows more accurate comparisons among hospitals that perform different case mixes of colon surgeries.

To reduce both inappropriate testing for and diagnosis of healthcare-onset (HO) Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs).

We performed a retrospective analysis of C. difficile testing from hospitalized children before (October 2017–October 2018) and after (November 2018–October 2020) implementing restrictive computerized provider order entry (CPOE).

Study sites included hospital A (a ∼250-bed freestanding children’s hospital) and hospital B (a ∼100-bed children’s hospital within a larger hospital) that are part of the same multicampus institution.

In October 2018, we implemented CPOE. No testing was allowed for infants aged ≤12 months, approval of the infectious disease team was required to test children aged 13–23 months, and pathology residents’ approval was required to test all patients aged ≥24 months with recent laxative, stool softener, or enema use. Interrupted time series analysis and Mann-Whitney U test were used for analysis.

An interrupted time series analysis revealed that from October 2017 to October 2020, the numbers of tests ordered and samples sent significantly decreased in all age groups (P < .05). The monthly median number of HO-CDI cases significantly decreased after implementation of the restrictive CPOE in children aged 13–23 months (P < .001) and all ages combined (P = .003).

Restrictive CPOE for CDI in pediatrics was successfully implemented and sustained. Diagnostic stewardship for CDI is likely cost-saving and could decrease misdiagnosis, unnecessary antibiotic therapy, and overestimation of HO-CDI rates.

To analyze the spread of a novel sequence type (ST1478) of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium across Canadian hospitals.

Retrospective chart review of patients identified as having ST1478 VRE bloodstream infection.

Canadian hospitals that participate in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP).

From 2013 to 2018, VRE bloodstream isolates collected from participating CNISP hospitals were sent to the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML). ST1478 isolates were identified using multilocus sequence typing, and whole-genome sequencing was performed. Patient characteristics and location data were collected for patients with ST1478 bloodstream infection (BSI). The sequence and patient location information were used to generate clusters of infections and assess for intrahospital and interhospital spread.

ST1478 VRE BSI occurred predominantly in a small number of hospitals in central and western Canada. Within these hospitals, infections were clustered on certain wards, and isolates often had <20 single-nucleotide variants (SNV) differences from one another, suggesting a large component of intrahospital spread. Furthermore, some patients with bloodstream infections were identified as moving from one hospital to another, potentially having led to interhospital spread. Genomic analysis of all isolates revealed close relatedness between isolates at multiple different hospitals (<20 SNV) not predicted from our epidemiologic data.

Both intrahospital and regional interhospital spread have contributed to the emergence of VRE ST1478 infections across Canada. Whole-genome sequencing provides evidence of spread that might be missed with epidemiologic investigation alone.

We evaluated the impact of test-order frequency per diarrheal episodes on Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) incidence estimates in a sample of hospitals at 2 CDC Emerging Infections Program (EIP) sites.

Observational survey.

Inpatients at 5 acute-care hospitals in Rochester, New York, and Atlanta, Georgia, during two 10-workday periods in 2020 and 2021.

We calculated diarrhea incidence, testing frequency, and CDI positivity (defined as any positive NAAT test) across strata. Predictors of CDI testing and positivity were assessed using modified Poisson regression. Population estimates of incidence using modified Emerging Infections Program methodology were compared between sites using the Mantel-Hanzel summary rate ratio.

Surveillance of 38,365 patient days identified 860 diarrhea cases from 107 patient-care units mapped to 26 unique NHSN defined location types. Incidence of diarrhea was 22.4 of 1,000 patient days (medians, 25.8 for Rochester and 16.2 for Atlanta; P < .01). Similar proportions of diarrhea cases were hospital onset (66%) at both sites. Overall, 35% of patients with diarrhea were tested for CDI, but this differed by site: 21% in Rochester and 49% in Atlanta (P < .01). Regression models identified location type (ie, oncology or critical care) and laxative use predictive of CDI test ordering. Adjusting for these factors, CDI testing was 49% less likely in Rochester than Atlanta (adjusted rate ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40–0.63). Population estimates in Rochester had a 38% lower incidence of CDI than Atlanta (summary rate ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.54–0.71).

Accounting for patient-specific factors that influence CDI test ordering, differences in testing practices between sites remain and likely contribute to regional differences in surveillance estimates.

As part of a project to implement antimicrobial dashboards at select facilities, we assessed physician attitudes and knowledge regarding antibiotic prescribing.

An online survey explored attitudes toward antimicrobial use and assessed respondents’ management of four clinical scenarios: cellulitis, community-acquired pneumonia, non–catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria, and catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria.

This study was conducted across 16 Veterans’ Affairs (VA) medical centers in 2017.

Physicians working in inpatient settings specializing in infectious diseases (ID), hospital medicine, and non-ID/hospitalist internal medicine.

Scenario responses were scored by assigning +1 for answers most consistent with guidelines, 0 for less guideline-concordant but acceptable answers and −1 for guideline-discordant answers. Scores were normalized to 100% guideline concordant to 100% guideline discordant across all questions within a scenario, and mean scores were calculated across respondents by specialty. Differences in mean score per scenario were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Overall, 139 physicians completed the survey (19 ID physicians, 62 hospitalists, and 58 other internists). Attitudes were similar across the 3 groups. We detected a significant difference in cellulitis scenario scores (concordance: ID physicians, 76%; hospitalists, 58%; other internists, 52%; P = .0087). Scores were numerically but not significantly different across groups for community-acquired pneumonia (concordance: ID physicians, 75%; hospitalists, 60%; other internists, 56%; P = .0914), for non–catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (concordance: ID physicians, 65%; hospitalists, 55%; other internists, 40%; P = .322), and for catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (concordance: ID physicians, 27% concordant; hospitalists, 8% discordant; other internists 13% discordant; P = .12).

Significant differences in performance regarding management of cellulitis and low overall performance regarding asymptomatic bacteriuria point to these conditions as being potentially high-yield targets for stewardship interventions.

To conduct a process evaluation of a respiratory culture diagnostic stewardship intervention.

Mixed-methods study.

Tertiary-care pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Critical care, infectious diseases, and pulmonary attending physicians and fellows; PICU nurse practitioners and hospitalist physicians; pediatric residents; and PICU nurses and respiratory therapists.

This mixed-methods study was conducted concurrently with a diagnostic stewardship intervention to reduce the inappropriate collection of respiratory cultures in mechanically ventilated children. We quantified baseline respiratory culture utilization and indications for ordering using quantitative methods. Semistructured interviews informed by these data and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) were then performed, recorded, transcribed, and coded to identify salient themes. Finally, themes identified in these interviews were used to create a cross-sectional survey.

The number of cultures collected per day of service varied between attending physicians (range, 2.2–27 cultures per 100 days). In total, 14 interviews were performed, and 87 clinicians completed the survey (response rate, 47%) and 77 nurses or respiratory therapists completed the survey (response rate, 17%). Clinicians varied in their stated practices regarding culture ordering, and these differences both clustered by specialty and were associated with perceived utility of the respiratory culture. Furthermore, group “default” practices, fear, and hierarchy were drivers of culture orders. Barriers to standardization included fear of a missed diagnosis and tension between practice standardization and individual decision making.

We identified significant variation in utilization and perceptions of respiratory cultures as well as several key barriers to implementation of this diagnostic test stewardship intervention.

In this study, we sought to determine the source of an outbreak of Achromobacter denitrificans infections in patients at a tertiary-care academic hospital.

Outbreak report study with intervention. The study period extended from February 2018 to December 2018.

The study was conducted at a tertiary-care academic hospital in Pretoria, South Africa.

All patients who cultured A. denitrificans from any site were included in this study. During the study period, 43 patients met this criterion.

Once an outbreak was confirmed, the microbiology laboratory compiled a list of affected patients. A common agent, chlorhexidine-and-water solution, was used as a disinfectant–antiseptic for all affected patients. The laboratory proceeded to culture this solution. Environmental and surface swabs were also cultured from the hospital pharmacy area where this solution was prepared. Repetitive-element, sequence-based, polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) was performed on the initial clinical isolates to confirm the relatedness of the isolates.

In total, 43 isolates of A. denitrificans were cultured from patient specimens during the outbreak. The laboratory cultured A. denitrificans from all bottles of chlorhexidine-and-water solutions sampled from the wards and the pharmacy. The culture of the dispenser device used to prepare this solution also grew A. denitrificans. The rep-PCR confirmed the clonality of the clinical isolates with 2 genotypes dominating.

Contaminated chlorhexidine-and-water solutions prepared at the hospital pharmacy was determined to be the source of the outbreak. Once this item was removed from the hospital, the laboratory did not culture any further A. denitrificans isolates from patient specimens.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant nosocomial pathogen in the ICU. MRSA contamination of healthcare personnel (HCP) gloves and gowns after providing care to patients with MRSA occurs at a rate of 14%–16% in the ICU setting. Little is known about whether the MRSA isolates identified on HCP gown and gloves following patient care activities are the same as MRSA isolates identified as colonizing or infecting the patient.

From a multisite cohort of 388 independent patient MRSA isolates and their corresponding HCP gown and glove isolates, we selected 91 isolates pairs using a probability to proportion size (PPS) sampling method. To determine whether the patient and HCP gown or gloves isolates were genetically similar, we used 5 comparative genomic typing methods: phylogenetic analysis, spa typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), large-scale BLAST score ratio (LSBSR), and single-nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis.

We identified that 56 (61.5%) of isolate pairs were genetically similar at least by 4 of the methods. Comparably, the spa typing and the LSBSR analyses revealed that >75% of the examined isolate pairs were concordant, with the thresholds established for each analysis.

Many of the patient MRSA isolates were genetically similar to those on the HCP gown or gloves following a patient care activity. This finding indicates that the patient is often the primary source of the MRSA isolates transmitted to the HCP, which can potentially be spread to other patients or hospital settings through HCP vectors. These results have important implications because they provide additional evidence for hospitals considering ending the use of contact precautions (gloves and gowns) for MRSA patients.

To determine risk factors for mechanical (noninfectious) complications in peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in children.

Retrospective cohort study.

Pediatric tertiary-care center in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Pediatric patients with a first PICC insertion.

All PICCs inserted between January 2001 until 2016 were included. Age-stratified (neonates vs non-neonates) Fine–Grey competing risk proportional hazard models were used to model the association between each putative risk factor and the time to mechanical complication or removal of the PICC for reasons not related to a mechanical complication. Models were adjusted for confounding variables identified through directed acyclic graphs.

Of 3,205 patients with PICCs, 706 had mechanical complications (22% or 14 events/1000 device days). For both neonates and older children, disease group, lumen count, and prior leak were all associated with mechanical complications in the adjusted proportional hazards model. Access vein and prior infection were also associated with mechanical complications for neonates, and age group was associated with mechanical complications among non-neonates.

We have identified several risk factors for mechanical complications in patients with PICCs that will help improve best practices for PICC insertion and care.

To assess whether measurement and feedback of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) skin concentrations can improve CHG bathing practice across multiple intensive care units (ICUs).

A before-and-after quality improvement study measuring patient CHG skin concentrations during 6 point-prevalence surveys (3 surveys each during baseline and intervention periods).

The study was conducted across 7 geographically diverse ICUs with routine CHG bathing.

Adult patients in the medical ICU.

CHG skin concentrations were measured at the neck, axilla, and inguinal region using a semiquantitative colorimetric assay. Aggregate unit-level CHG skin concentration measurements from the baseline period and each intervention period survey were reported back to ICU leadership, which then used routine education and quality improvement activities to improve CHG bathing practice. We used multilevel linear models to assess the impact of intervention on CHG skin concentrations.

We enrolled 681 (93%) of 736 eligible patients; 92% received a CHG bath prior to survey. At baseline, CHG skin concentrations were lowest on the neck, compared to axillary or inguinal regions (P < .001). CHG was not detected on 33% of necks, 19% of axillae, and 18% of inguinal regions (P < .001 for differences in body sites). During the intervention period, ICUs that used CHG-impregnated cloths had a 3-fold increase in patient CHG skin concentrations as compared to baseline (P < .001).

Routine CHG bathing performance in the ICU varied across multiple hospitals. Measurement and feedback of CHG skin concentrations can be an important tool to improve CHG bathing practice.

To assess the accuracy of provider estimates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) diagnostic probability in various clinical scenarios.

We conducted a clinical vignette-based survey of intensive care unit (ICU) physicians to evaluate provider estimates of VAP diagnostic probability before and after isolated cardinal VAP clinical changes and VAP diagnostic test results. Responses were used to calculate imputed diagnostic likelihood ratios (LRs), which were compared to evidence-based LRs.

Michigan Medicine University Hospital, a tertiary-care center.

This study included 133 ICU clinical faculty and house staff.

Provider estimates of VAP diagnostic probability were consistently higher than evidence-based diagnostic probabilities. Similarly, imputed LRs from provider-estimated diagnostic probabilities were consistently higher than evidence-based LRs. These differences were most notable for positive bronchoalveolar lavage culture (provider-estimated LR 5.7 vs evidence-based LR 1.4; P < .01), chest radiograph with air bronchogram (provider-estimated LR 6.0 vs evidence-based LR 3.6; P < .01), and isolated purulent endotracheal secretions (provider-estimated LR 1.6 vs evidence-based LR 0.8; P < .01). Attending physicians and infectious disease physicians were more accurate in their LR estimates than trainees (P = .04) and non-ID physicians (P = .03).

Physicians routinely overestimated the diagnostic probability of VAP as well as the positive LRs of isolated cardinal VAP clinical changes and VAP diagnostic test results. Diagnostic stewardship initiatives, including educational outreach and clinical decision support systems, may be useful adjuncts in minimizing VAP overdiagnosis and ICU antibiotic overuse.

Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen causing outbreaks in healthcare facilities. Five distinctive genomic clades exhibit clade-unique characteristics, highlighting the importance of real-time genomic surveillance and incorporating genotypic information to inform infection prevention practices and treatment algorithms.

Both active and passive surveillance were used to screen hospitalized patients. C. auris polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay on inguinal-axillary swabs was performed on high-risk patients upon admission. All clinical yeast isolates were identified to the species level. C. auris isolates were characterized by both phenotypic antifungal susceptibility tests and whole-genome sequencing.

From late 2019 to early 2022, we identified 45 patients with C. auris. Most had a tracheostomy or were from a facility with a known outbreak. Moreover, 7 patients (15%) were only identified through passive surveillance. Also, 8 (18%) of the patients had a history of severe COVID-19. The overall mortality was 18%. Invasive C. auris infections were identified in 13 patients (29%), 9 (69%) of whom had bloodstream infections. Patients with invasive infection were more likely to have a central line. All C. auris isolates were resistant to fluconazole but susceptible to echinocandins. Genomic analysis showed that 1 dominant clade-III lineage is circulating in Los Angeles, with very limited intrahost and interhost genetic diversity.

We have demonstrated that a robust C. auris surveillance program can be established using both active and passive surveillance, with multidisciplinary efforts involving the microbiology laboratory and the hospital epidemiology team. In Los Angeles County, C. auris strains are highly related and echinocandins should be used for empiric therapy.

To identify risk factors for mortality in intensive care units (ICUs) in Asia.

Prospective cohort study.

The study included 317 ICUs of 96 hospitals in 44 cities in 9 countries of Asia: China, India, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Patients aged >18 years admitted to ICUs.

In total, 157,667 patients were followed during 957,517 patient days, and 8,157 HAIs occurred. In multiple logistic regression, the following variables were associated with an increased mortality risk: central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI; aOR, 2.36; P < .0001), ventilator-associated event (VAE; aOR, 1.51; P < .0001), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI; aOR, 1.04; P < .0001), and female sex (aOR, 1.06; P < .0001). Older age increased mortality risk by 1% per year (aOR, 1.01; P < .0001). Length of stay (LOS) increased mortality risk by 1% per bed day (aOR, 1.01; P < .0001). Central-line days increased mortality risk by 2% per central-line day (aOR, 1.02; P < .0001). Urinary catheter days increased mortality risk by 4% per urinary catheter day (aOR, 1.04; P < .0001). The highest mortality risks were associated with mechanical ventilation utilization ratio (aOR, 12.48; P < .0001), upper middle-income country (aOR, 1.09; P = .033), surgical hospitalization (aOR, 2.17; P < .0001), pediatric oncology ICU (aOR, 9.90; P < .0001), and adult oncology ICU (aOR, 4.52; P < .0001). Patients at university hospitals had the lowest mortality risk (aOR, 0.61; P < .0001).

Some variables associated with an increased mortality risk are unlikely to change, such as age, sex, national economy, hospitalization type, and ICU type. Some other variables can be modified, such as LOS, central-line use, urinary catheter use, and mechanical ventilation as well as and acquisition of CLABSI, VAE, or CAUTI. To reduce mortality risk, we shall focus on strategies to reduce LOS; strategies to reduce central-line, urinary catheter, and mechanical ventilation use; and HAI prevention recommendations.

Contaminated blood cultures result in extended hospital stays and extended durations of antibiotic therapy. Rapid molecular-based blood culture testing can speed positive culture detection and improve clinical outcomes, particularly when combined with an antimicrobial stewardship program. We investigated the impact of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) FilmArray Blood Culture Identification (BCID) system on clinical outcomes associated with contaminated blood cultures.

We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving secondary data analysis at a single institution. In this before-and-after study, patients with contaminated blood cultures in the period before PCR BCID was implemented (ie, the pre-PCR period; n = 305) were compared to patients with contaminated blood cultures during the period after PCR BCID was implemented (ie, the post-PCR implementation period; n = 464). The primary exposure was PCR status and the main outcomes of the study were length of hospital stay and days of antibiotic therapy.

We did not detect a significant difference in adjusted mean length of hospital stay before (10.8 days; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.8–11.9) and after (11.2 days; 95% CI, 10.2–12.3) the implementation of the rapid BCID panel in patients with contaminated blood cultures (P = .413). Likewise, adjusted mean days of antibiotic therapy between patients in pre-PCR group (5.1 days; 95% CI, 4.5–5.7) did not significantly differ from patients in post-PCR group (5.3 days; 95% CI, 4.8–5.9; P = .543).

The introduction of a rapid PCR-based blood culture identification system did not improve clinical outcomes, such as length of hospital stay and duration of antibiotic therapy, in patients with contaminated blood cultures.

To develop and implement antibiotic stewardship activities in urgent care targeting non–antibiotic-appropriate acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) that also reduces overall antibiotic prescribing and maintains patient satisfaction.

Patients and clinicians at the urgent care clinics of an integrated academic health system.

The stewardship activities started in fiscal 2020 and included measure development, comparative feedback, and clinician and patient education. We measured antibiotic prescribing in fiscal years 2019, 2020, and 2021 for the stewardship targets, potential diagnosis-shifting visits, and overall. We also collected patient satisfaction data for ARI visits.

From FY19 to FY21, 576,609 patients made 1,358,816 visits to 17 urgent care clinics, including 105,781 visits for which stewardship measures were applied and 149,691 visits for which diagnosis shifting measures were applied. The antibiotic prescribing rate decreased for stewardship-measure visits from 34% in FY19 to 12% in FY21 (absolute change, −22%; 95% confidence interval [CI], −23% to −22%). The antibiotic prescribing rate decreased for diagnosis-shifting visits from 63% to 35% (−28%; 95% CI, −28% to −27%), and the antibiotic prescribing rate decreased overall from 30% to 10% (−20%; 95% CI, −20% to −20%). The patient satisfaction rate increased from 83% in FY19 to 89% in FY20 and FY21. There was no significant association between antibiotic prescribing rates of individual clinicians and ARI visit patient satisfaction.

Although it was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, an ambulatory antimicrobial stewardship program that focused on improving non–antibiotic-appropriate ARI prescribing was associated with decreased prescribing for (1) the stewardship target, (2) a diagnosis shifting measure, and (3) overall antibiotic prescribing. Patient satisfaction at ARI visits increased over time and was not associated with clinicians’ antibiotic prescribing rates.

We performed a preimplementation assessment of workflows, resources, needs, and antibiotic prescribing practices of trainees and practicing dentists to inform the development of an antibiotic-stewardship clinical decision-support tool (CDST) for dentists.

We used a technology implementation framework to conduct the preimplementation assessment via surveys and focus groups of students, residents, and faculty members. Using Likert scales, the survey assessed baseline knowledge and confidence in dental providers’ antibiotic prescribing. The focus groups gathered information on existing workflows, resources, and needs for end users for our CDST.

Of 355 dental providers recruited to take the survey, 213 (60%) responded: 151 students, 27 residents, and 35 faculty. The average confidence in antibiotic prescribing decisions was 3.2 ± 1.0 on a scale of 1 to 5 (ie, moderate). Dental students were less confident about prescribing antibiotics than residents and faculty (P < .01). However, antibiotic prescribing knowledge was no different between dental students, residents, and faculty. The mean likelihood of prescribing an antibiotic when it was not needed was 2.7 ± 0.6 on a scale of 1 to 5 (unlikely to maybe) and was not meaningfully different across subgroups (P = .10). We had 10 participants across 3 focus groups: 7 students, 2 residents, and 1 faculty member. Four major themes emerged, which indicated that dentists: (1) make antibiotic prescribing decisions based on anecdotal experiences; (2) defer to physicians’ recommendations; (3) have limited access to evidence-based resources; and (4) want CDST for antibiotic prescribing.

Dentists’ confidence in antibiotic prescribing increased by training level, but knowledge did not. Trainees and practicing dentists would benefit from a CDST to improve appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing.