Both original Big Three Perfectionism Scale (BTPS; Smith et al. 2016), and the Portuguese version validated with a sample of university students (Lino et al. 2018) evaluates three second-order factors (rigid, self-oriented and narcissistic perfectionism) and ten facets.

To confirm the BTPS three-factors-ten-dimensions’ structure in a sample of Portuguese adults from the general population.

A sample of 467 adults (70.7% females; Mean age=38.44±12.27; range: 25-82) answered the BTPS Portuguese version and other validated perfectionism measures (Multidimensional Perfectionism Scales from Frost and Hewitt & Flett; Self-Presentation Perfectionism Scale). To study the temporal stability a sub-sample of 132 participants completed the BTPS again after approximately five weeks. SPSS and AMOS software was used.

The second order model presented an acceptable fit (X²/df=3.115; TLI=.811; CFI=.825; RMSEA=.067). There was also evidence of a general factor comprising all the 45 items (X²/df=3.127; TLI=.809; CFI=.823; [JA1] RMSEA=.068). The Cronbach alphas of the three factors ranged from a=.88 to a=.92; and facets had a>.70 showing a total of a=.94. Total and dimensional scores showed significant positive and moderate to high correlations with the other perfectionism measures and their test-retest correlation coefficients were r=.85 (p<0.001).

This study confirms the validity and reliability of the Portuguese BTPS underlying three-factors structure. Additionally, we found, for the first time, that BTPS can also be validly and reliably used to measure a global perfectionism construct. It is our intention to develop a shorter version the Portuguese BTPS in the near future.

Changes in inflammatory and metabolic markers are implicated in the pathogenesis in both the development and progression of bipolar disorder (BD). Notwithstanding, these markers have not been investigated in newly diagnosed BD.

We compared high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and homocysteine (Hcy) levels in 372 patients with newly diagnosed BD, 106 unaffected first-degree relatives (URs), and 201 healthy control persons (HCs). Within the patient group, we also investigated possible associations between hs-CRP and Hcy, respectively, with illness-related characteristics and psychotropic medication.

No statistically significant differences in Hcy and hs-CRP levels were found when comparing BD and URs with HCs. Similarly, there were no differences when comparing only patients in remission or patients with affective symptoms, respectively, with HCs. Hcy levels were found to be 11.9% (95% CI: 1.030–1.219) higher in patients with BD when compared with their URs (p = 0.008), when adjusting for folate and cobalamin status, age, sex, and self-reported activity levels. Hcy levels were significantly associated with folate, cobalamin, gender, and age in all models (p < 0.05).

Our results do not support hs-CRP or Hcy as markers in newly diagnosed BD.

Climate change is a major global public health challenge that will have wide ranging effects on human psychological health and wellbeing through the increased incidence of acute (e.g., storms, floods, wildfires), sub-acute (e.g., heat stress, droughts, lost agricultural yields) and long-term stressors (e.g., changes to landscapes and ecosystems). Children and adolescents are particularly at risk because of their rapidly developing brain, vulnerability to disease and limited capacity to avoid or adapt to climate change-related threats and impacts. They are also more likely to worry about climate change impacts than any other age group.

To produce a new conceptual framework that describes climate change-related threats to youth mental health from a developmental life course perspective.

We critically review and synthesis literature documenting the pathways, processes and mechanisms linking climate change to increased mental health vulnerability.

We show that climate change-related threats can additively and interactively increase psychopathology risk from conception onwards, that these effects are already occurring and that they constitute an important threat to mental health and therefore human capital worldwide. We then argue that birth cohort studies are uniquely positioned to examine climate change-related threats and that incorporating relevant measures into existing and planned birth cohorts is a matter of social justice and crucial long-term investment in mental health research.

Climate change is affecting the healthy psychological development of children and these risks are increasing worldwide. New theoretical and empirical work is urgently needed so that threats can be tracked and mitigated.

Anxiety is associated with decreased functioning and quality of life. Accurate and quick diagnosis of anxiety disorders can help their treatment.

This cross-sectional, analytical descriptive study deals with 344 in Schooler children (10–14 years old childen) in gorgan, selected through cluster sampling. Spence child anxiety scales (SCAS) was completed by their Parents. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive procedures and chi-squar statistical measure.

The results showed that prevalence for all anxiety disorders was 10.8% (females = 3.5%; males = 7.3%) (10.5% social phobia, 12.2% panic disorder, 12.8% generalized Anxiety disorder, 11.9% obsessive-compulsive disorder, 15.7% separation anxiety disorder, and 18% fear of physical injury). There were significant gender differences in the prevalence of separation anxiety disorder (P = 0.000, x2 = 29.21) and fear of physical injury disorder (P = 0.000, x2 = 13.24).

In conclusion, anxiety disorders are frequent in Schooler children. Further studies are needed to evaluate the factors associated with anxiety disorders amongst children in this region. Also Additional epidemiological studies are needed to determine the Prevalence of Anxiety in the broader population of schoolers in Iran country.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental syndrome expressed along three domains: inattention, hyperactive-impulsive, and combined type. To compare subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (predominantly inattentive and combined types) and a comparison group on an objective measure of activity level (actigraphy).

Actigraphs were worn by 21 children (19 boys, 2 girls) during 3 full-days clinical diagnostic assessment.10 subjects had a diagnosis of ADHD predominantly inattentive type, 11 had ADHD combined type. Children were diagnosed as having ADHD by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Measurements: ADHD: ADHD Rating Scale DSM IV- Home Version to subdivide children into those with predominantly attention deficit, mainly hyperactivity, and those with both aspects equally. Mean actigraph scores were calculated for tree days.

There were no significant group differences in activity level between two groups; there were no differences between ADHD subtypes. There was poor correspondence between parent report and actigraphy.

These data no support specifications in the DSM-IV regarding hyperactivity in ADHD. Furthermore, the findings contradict specifications in the DSM-IV that suggest that children with ADHD combined type should be more hyperactive than children with ADHD predominantly inattentive type.

Most practice guidelines recommend maintenance antidepressant treatment for recurrent major depressive disorder. However, the degree to which such guidance is actually followed in primary health care has remained obscure. We investigated the provision of maintenance antidepressant treatment within a representative primary care five-year cohort study.

In the Vantaa Primary Care Depression Study, a stratified random sample of 1119 adult patients was screened for depression using the Prime-MD. Depressive and comorbid psychiatric disorders were diagnosed using SCID-I/P and SCID-II interviews. Of the 137 patients with depressive disorders, 82% completed the prospective five-year follow-up. A graphic life chart enabling evaluation of the longitudinal course of episodes plus duration of pharmacotherapies was used. In accordance with national guidelines, an indication for maintenance treatment was defined to exist after three or more lifetime major depressive episodes (MDEs); maintenance treatment was to commence four months after onset of full remission.

Of the cohort patients, 34% (46/137) had three or more lifetime MDEs, thus indicating the requirement for maintenance pharmacotherapy. Of these, half (54%, 25/46) received maintenance treatment, for only 29% (489/1670) of the months indicated.

In this cohort of depressed primary care patients, half of patients with indications for maintenance treatment actually received it, and only for a fraction of the time indicated. Antidepressant maintenance treatment for the prevention of recurrences is unlikely to be subject to large-scale actualization as recommended, which may significantly undermine the potential public health benefits of treatment.

There are lacking prospective studies in general population of adolescents about symptoms predicting the onset of first episode psychosis.

Members (N= 9,215) of the Northern Finland 1986 Birth Cohort, an unselected general population cohort, were invited to participate in a field survey during 2001, at ages of 15-16 years. The study included a 21-item PROD-screen questionnaire screening prodromal symptoms for psychosis for last six months (Heinimaa et al. 2003). PROD-screen included nine questions for positive and five questions for negative features. The Finnish Hospital Discharge Register was used to find out new cases of hospital treated mental disorders during 2002-2005.

Of the subjects 17 (0.3%) were treated due to first episode psychosis and 95 (1.5%) due to non-psychotic disorder during the follow-up period. Positive symptoms did not associate with the onset of psychosis, but negative symptoms did. 94% of subjects who got psychosis reported negative symptoms. Respective figure for those who were treated for non-psychotic disorder was 48%, and for those ‘healthy’ without psychiatric hospital treatment 46% (Fisher's exact test: psychosis vs. healthy p<0.001, psychosis vs. non-psychosis p<0.001, and non-psychosis vs. healthy p=0.61).

This study may be the only one exploring prospectively in general population features predicting onset of first episode psychosis. The findings emphasize the importance of negative symptoms in the development of neuropsychiatric disorder of first episode psychosis (Weinberger 1995).

The Academy of Finland, the Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation and the Thule Institute, Finland.

Depression affects around 35% of patients with Parkinson's disease. There are some overlapping symptoms between both illnesses, and some evidence seems to suggest that there may exist a common underlying etiological factor, namely changes in cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits and in the locus coeruleus.

To review the potential role of locus coeruleus alterations in patients with Depression and comorbid Parkinson's disease.

A literature review was performed through MEDLINE and PsycINFO using the terms 'Depression”, 'Parkinson's disease”, 'neurobiology”, 'locus coeruleus”, 'substantia nigra”, 'neuromelanin”, 'neuroimaging”, 'magnetic resonance imaging”, 'Positron emission tomography”. All articles found were selected according to their adequacy to the subject in question.

Noradrenergic pathways are important in the pathophysiology of Depression in Parkinson's disease. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies, with neuromelanin measurements have shown there is neuronal loss not only in the substantia nigra but also in the locus coeruleus. These changes in the locus coeruleus are different when patients with Parkinson's disease are compared with schizophrenic and normal controls. Patients with comorbid Depression and Parkinson's disease have a reduced uptake of [11C]RTI-32 in the locus coeruleus, with an inverse relationship between those changes and symptom severity. There is a higher prevalence of histopathologic changes (neuronal loss 7 times higher, gliosis) in the locus coeruleus of depressed vs. non-depressed patients with Parkinson's disease.

These findings seem to substantiate the potential role of noradrenergic pathways in the aetiology of Depression in Parkinson's disease.

We considered that completed opiate detoxification resulted in increased life expectancy and earning capacity as compared to non-completed detoxification.

The cohort study sample included pure opioid or poly-substance addicts admitted for voluntary in-patient detoxification between 1997 and 2004. Of 404 patients, 58.7% completed the detoxification program and 41.3% did not. The Austrian Social Security Institution supplied data on survival and employment records for every single day in the individual observation period between discharge and December 2007. Statistical analyses included the calculation of standardized mortality rates for the follow-up period of up to 11 years.

The standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were between 13.5 and 17.9 during the first five years after discharge, thereafter they fell clearly with time. Mortality did not differ statistically significantly between completers and non-completers. The median employment rate was insignificantly higher in completers (12.0%) than in non-completers (5.5%). The odds for being employed were higher in pure opioid addicts than in poly-substance addicts (p = 0.003).

The assumption that completers of detoxification treatment have a better outcome than non-completers has not been confirmed. The decrease in mortality with time elapsed since detoxification is interesting. Pure opioid addicts had better employment prospects than poly-substance addicts.

Patients with chronic pain are more likely to develop depression, which is associated with decreased function, poorer treatment response and poor quality of life.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression in patients with chronic pain.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among clinically diagnosed chronic pain patients from the pain management ward of La Rabta hospital in Tunisia over a period of six months.

Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from patients’ interviews and medical records.

The Beck depression inventory (BDI) was used for screening depression diagnoses and the Visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess the severity of pain.

The sample included 102 patients with a mean age of 46.4 ± 10.4 years. The majority of the patients were females (72.5%, n = 74), married (83.3%, n = 85) and being employed (58.8%, n = 60). The prevalence of depression was (40.1%, n = 41). The mean duration of pain was 3.6 ± 1.5 years. The severity of pain was mild in 28 cases (19.3%), moderate in 36 cases (31.3%) and severe in 38 cases (49.4%). Depression was significantly associated with the duration of pain (P < 0.01). A positive correlation was observed between pain severity assessed by VAS and BDI (r = 0.521, P = 001). Depression was significantly associated with the duration of pain (P < 0.01).

Depression is frequent in patients who suffer from chronic pain and it was significantly associated with the duration and the severity of pain. Antidepressants and psychological therapies can be effective and should be delivered as part of a multidisciplinary pain management plan.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The sense of self-agency, i.e., experiencing oneself as the cause of one's own actions, is impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Normally, inferences of self-agency are enhanced when actual outcomes match with pre-activated outcome information, where this pre-activation can result from explicitly set goals (i.e., goal-based route) or implicitly primed outcome information (i.e., prime-based route). Previous research suggests that patients show specific impairments in the prime-based route, implicating that they do not rely on matches between implicitly available outcome information and actual action-outcomes when inferring self-agency. The question remains: Why? Here, we examine whether neurocognitive functioning and self-serving bias (SSB) may explain abnormalities in patients’ agency inferences.

Thirty-six patients and 36 healthy controls performed a commonly used agency inference task to measure goal- and prime-based self-agency inferences. Neurocognitive functioning was assessed with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) and the SSB was assessed with the Internal Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire.

Results showed a substantial smaller effect of primed outcome information on agency experiences in patients compared with healthy controls. Whereas patients and controls differed on BACS and marginally on SSB scores, these differences were not related to patients’ impairments in prime-based agency inferences.

Patients showed impairments in prime-based agency inferences, thereby replicating previous studies. This finding could not be explained by cognitive dysfunction or SSB. Results are discussed in the context of the recent surge to understand and examine deficits in agency experiences in schizophrenia.

With increasing use of Internet in everyday life there is the risk of developing Internet dependency that can be correlated with depression. Is the internet an antidepressant or Internet addiction often causes mood-altering side effects?

The focus is to examine correlation between depression and Internet addiction, as well as potential treatment approaches.

The aim of the study was to evaluate treatment approaches and the correlation between depression and Internet addiction(IA) by use of Telepsychiatric service.

A total of 100 Bosnian clients were studied. Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Zung Depression Inventory (ZDI) was used, by Telepsychiatric service, to assess state measures of symptom severity. First, they were evaluated for their severity of Internet addiction with consideration of their behavioral characteristics and their primary purpose for computer use by IAT. Second, we investigated Depression by Telepsychiatry service with BDI and ZDI scale. Third, we investigated correlations between depression and Internet addiction.

The symptoms of IA had been founded at 59% and 41% of patients had no IA. Symptoms of depression had been found at 45% patients. Internet addiction was significantly associated with depressive symptoms; IA and depression had been found at 41% patients (P < 0.01).

This study reveals a significant association between Internet addiction and depressive symptoms.

Previous studies have shown that cultural context has an influence on emotion and cognition. In this study the emotional response to international affective picture system (IAPS) was compared between Iranians and normative ratings of Americans young adults.

One hundred and thirty eight Iranian university students (85 women, 48 men) age 18 to 52 (average= 31, SD = 7.76) enrolled in the study. Participants’ emotional response to IAPS images were rated in three dimensions (valence, arousal, dominance) using self-assessment Manikin (SAM) system. Then, valence, arousal, dominance scores were compared to those of 100 American undergraduates (50 females, 50 males) of the same age group, enrolled at Florida university and surveyed by Prof. PJ Lang in 2008.

Our results indicate that there is complete correlation between the mean ratings of valence, arousal and dominance between Iranian and American participants. Also the results showed similarities in valence ratings, but arousal ratings especially in female participants were different. The relationship between arousal and valence showed a similar boomerang shaped distribution seen with the North American sample. Iranian sample showed positively offset and negative bias comparable to the American counterparts.

The results are promising in the sense that IAPS images can be used in studies within Iranian cultural context. However, arousal values require a modification for their proper application in Iranian cultural context.

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

To characterize the perceptions of self, mother and family of prepubertal children and to determine if the perceptions of children with depression and their behavior towards their mothers are different from children with anxiety disorders and nonpsychiatric controls.

Children (aged 7–13 years) with major depressive disorder (n = 30), anxiety disorders (n = 37) and nonpsychiatric controls (n = 32) underwent structured psychiatric evaluations and completed questionnaires on their perceptions of themselves and their relations with their mothers and families. The child–mother dyad was observed during structured interactions.

Self-perceptions of depressed children were significantly more negative than those of children with anxiety and controls. Depression severity negatively correlated with the child's self-perception and positively correlated with perceptions of the mother as being more rejecting, controlling, less accepting and less allowing autonomy, and of the family as being less cohesive. Depression severity was also positively associated with the child's hostile attitude towards the mother during the interactions.

Our findings of greater negative perceptions of self, mother and family in depressed children compared to children with anxiety disorders and nonpsychiatric children suggest that approaches specifically addressing negative perceptions and targeting familial relationships could be especially effective for treating young children with depression.