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Rural Exodus and Industrialization
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 July 2024
Extract
Are country people destined to disappear in the near future as a result of the constant advance of technical and urban civilization? Having discovered that three-fourths of mankind are country people, American ethnologists and sociologists are studying their “urbanization” and their “industrialization” throughout the world in an effort to see to what extent there is compatibility—or incompatibility—between their traditional “cultures” and the demands of industrial production and of life in a mass society. European writers appear to be less perturbed by this dilution of peasant civilizations through contamination from the cities. They are concerned rather with the gradual disappearance of country people themselves, drawn into the cities by the rural exodus.
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- Copyright © 1960 Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Philosophie / International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP)
References
1. Cf. Henri Mendras, "The Agrarian Revolution," Diogenes, No. 16 (1956), pp. 124- 35, and his "Cities and Countrysides," ibid., No. 8 (1954), pp. 111-17.
2. Cf. Société Européenne de Sociologie Rurale, Les Migrations rurales, elements de bibliographie (n.d. [1959]). (Roneo, not paginated.) See also the first congress of the Société Européenne de Sociologie Rurale (Louvain, September 22-28, 1958), Les Migra tions rurales (Bonn: Secretariat de la Société, 1959). (Roneo.)
3. John Saville, Rural Depopulation in England and Wales, 1851-1951 (London: Rout ledge & Kegan Paul, 1957); see also his paper read before the first congress of the Société Européenne de Sociologie Rurale.
4. "The Laws of Migrations," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. XLVIII (June, 1885).
5. Cited by Saville, op. cit., p. 38.
6. Exode ou mise en valeur des campagnes (Paris: Flammarion, 1958).
7. Économie rurale (Paris: Génin, 1957).
8. Ibid., p. 515.
9. In his paper read before the first congress of the Société Européenne de Sociologie Rurale.
10. Structures sociales et depoprslation rurale dans les campagnes picai-des de 1836 à 1936 (Paris: Colin, 1957).
11. The Country Craftsman: A Study of Some Rural Crafts and the Rural Industries Organizations in England (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958).
12. Associations roopératives et groupes de loisirs en milieu rural, enquête sur la tradition et les formes d'associations dans le Canavèse (Piémont) (Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1957). 13. Ibid., p. 238.
14. In his paper read before the first congress of the Société Européene de Sociologie Rurale.
15. Carle C. Zimmerman, "American Roots in an Italian Village," Genus, XI (1955), 78-139.
16. Edward C. Banfield, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1958).
17. I terroni in città (Bari: Laterza, 1959).
18. Harold C. Conklin, Hanunoo Agricrrlture: A Report on an Integral System of Shift ing Cultivation in the Philippines (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1957).
19. Albert Mayer et al., Pilot Project, India: The Story of Rural Development at Etawah, Uttar Pradesh (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958).
20. See Joel Martin Halpern, A Serbian Village (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958).
21. Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1958).
22. Ibid., pp. 3 and 24.
23. Ibid., p. 8.
24. Machine Age Maya: The Industtialization of a Guatemalan Community (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1958).
25. It is interesting to note that these Mayan peasants want precisely twice what they have, just as do the Greek peasants we have studied (cf. Henri Mendras, Six villages d'Épire, problèmes de développement socio-économique [Paris: UNESCO]. (In press.)
26. Nash, op. cit., p. 112.