Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is an involuntary movement disorder that can result from exposure to dopamine-receptor antagonists (DRAs). Deutetrabenazine demonstrated significant improvements in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) scores in the 12-week pivotal trials (ARM-TD/AIM-TD). This post hoc analysis assessed the long-term efficacy and safety of deutetrabenazine by baseline DRA use.

Patients who completed ARM-TD or AIM-TD enrolled in the 3-year, open-label extension (OLE) study, with deutetrabenazine dose titrated based on dyskinesia control and tolerability. Change from baseline in total motor AIMS score, Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC), and adverse event (AE) rates were analyzed in subgroups by baseline DRA use.

Of 337 patients in the OLE study, 254 were taking DRAs at baseline (mean age, 56 years; 48% male; 6.0 years since diagnosis) and 83 were not (mean age, 60 years; 31% male; 4.9 years since diagnosis). Mean ± SE dose at week 145 was 39.9 ± 1.0 mg/day in patients taking DRAs (n = 108) and 38.5 ± 1.5 mg/day in patients not taking DRAs (n = 53). At week 145, mean ± SE change from baseline in AIMS score was −6.1 ± 0.43 and −7.5 ± 0.71; 64% and 62% achieved PGIC treatment success; and 69% and 81% achieved CGIC treatment success, respectively. Overall AE incidence was low (exposure-adjusted incidence rates [incidence/patient-years]: any, 1.08 and 1.97; serious, 0.10 and 0.12; leading to discontinuation, 0.06 and 0.05).

This analysis suggests that deutetrabenazine for long-term treatment of TD is beneficial, with a favorable safety profile, regardless of concomitant DRA use.

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Petach Tikva, Israel

The 12-week ARM-TD and AIM-TD studies in tardive dyskinesia (TD) patients showed statistically significant improvements in TD symptoms with deutetrabenazine. The completed open-label extension (OLE) study (SD-809-C−20) evaluated long-term efficacy and safety of deutetrabenazine in TD.

Patients who completed ARM-TD or AIM-TD enrolled in the OLE study, with deutetrabenazine dose titrated based on dyskinesia control and tolerability. Change from baseline in Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) score was assessed by local site raters. Treatment success was evaluated locally as patients being “much improved” or “very much improved” on Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC).

343 patients enrolled in the OLE study; 6 patients were excluded from analyses. At Week 54 (n=249; dose [mean±SE]: 38.7±0.66mg/day), mean change from baseline in AIMS score was –4.8±0.28; 66% of patients experienced treatment success. At Week 106 (n=194; dose: 39.3±0.75mg/day), mean change from baseline in AIMS score was –5.4±0.33; 65% of patients experienced treatment success. At Week 145 (n=160; dose: 39.4±0.83mg/day), mean change from baseline in AIMS score was –6.6±0.37; 73% of patients experienced treatment success. Treatment was generally well tolerated across 723 patient-years of exposure through Week 158, and exposure-adjusted incidence rates (incidence/patient-years) for akathisia/restlessness were 0.01, somnolence/sedation were 0.07, and symptoms which may represent parkinsonism or depression were 0.08 each.

Patients who received long-term treatment with deutetrabenazine achieved sustained improvement in AIMS scores. Findings from this open-label trial with response-driven dosing suggest the possibility of increasing benefit over time.

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Petach Tikva, Israel

Many schools have readjusted their teaching management strategies in order to implement the principle of “Sanquan education”, that is, whole-process education and all-round education. The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of Sanquan teaching concept on the identification of students with functional cognitive impairment.

Patients with cognitive impairment in a school were selected as research objects and randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group received the traditional teaching management mode, while the experimental group implemented the new teaching management mode that fully implemented the three-in-one education policy. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale was used for assessment and SPSS22.0 was used for statistical analysis.

After 6 months of experiment, the control group’s cognitive rating scale score changed from 11 to 13 points, while the experimental group’s cognitive rating scale score changed from 12 to 26 points. In the experimental group, the symptoms of patients with functional cognitive impairment were significantly alleviated (P<0.05). The experimental results show that the introduction of the concept of Sanquan education into teaching management has a significant impact on students’ recognition of functional cognitive impairment.

The introduction of the “ Sanquan education” policy in school teaching management can have a positive impact on the identification of students with functional cognitive impairment, reduce the symptoms of patients, and provide a potential therapeutic method with research significance. The results of this study provide a reference for school management and treatment of mental illness.

The problem of anxiety disorders among college students is becoming more and more prominent at present. The study aims to explore the influence of traditional folk art combined with modern art teaching on alleviating college students’ anxiety disorders.

100 college students in a university were selected as the subjects of the study, and they were divided into an experimental group and a control group, with 50 students in each group. The experimental group received traditional folk art combined with modern art teaching, and the control group continued traditional teaching. SPSS22.0 software was utilized for data processing, and methods such as anxiety scores and significance tests were applied to assess the teaching effect.

The study utilized the Hamilton Anxiety Scale for scoring and found that the anxiety scores of the study participants in the control and experimental groups ranged from 15-23. The study found that the anxiety scores of the college students in the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group (M=3.45 for the experimental group and M=4.92 for the control group, P<0.001). The results of the study show that traditional folk art combined with modern art teaching has a significant effect on relieving college students’ anxiety.

Traditional folk art combined with modern art teaching has achieved a positive impact on alleviating college students’ anxiety disorders, which can improve their mental health and promote their personal development.

Dasotraline is a long-acting dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with a PK profile characterized by slow absorption and a t½ of 47-77 hours, permitting once-daily dosing. In a previous flexible dose study, dasotraline demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of binge-eating disorder (BED). The aim of this confirmatory fixed-dose study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of dasotraline in the treatment of patients with BED.

Patients meeting DSM-5 criteria for BED were randomized to 12 weeks of double-blind treatment with dasotraline (4 mg/d or 6 mg/d), or placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was change in number of binge-eating days per week at week 12. Secondary efficacy endpoints included changes at Week 12 on the Binge Eating Clinical Global Impression of Severity Scale (BE-CGI-S), the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Modified for Binge Eating (Y-BOCS-BE), and the proportion of patients with 100% cessation of binge-eating episodes during the final 4 weeks of treatment. Efficacy was assessed using an MMRM analysis (and a logistic regression model for cessation) with a pre-specified sequential testing procedure used to control overall type I error rate.

A total of 486 were in the ITT population (dasotraline 6 mg/d (N=162), 4 mg/d (N=161), or placebo (N=163). At week 12, treatment with dasotraline was associated with significant reduction in number of binge-eating days per week in the 6 mg/d group vs. placebo (-3.5 vs. -2.9; P=0.0045), but non-significant improvement in the 4 mg/d group vs. placebo (-3.2; P=0.12). Greater improvement was observed vs. placebo for dasotraline 6 mg/d and 4 mg/d, respectively, on the BE-CGI-S (P<0.01 and P<0.03) and the Y-BOC-BE (P<0.001 and P<0.02; all P-values were nominal, not adjusted for multiplicity). The proportion of patients who achieved 4-week cessation of binge-eating episodes was only significant for the dasotraline 6 mg in the completer population (P<0.05; post-hoc analysis) but was not significant for either dose of dasotraline vs. placebo when drop-outs were included in the analysis. The most common adverse events on dasotraline 6 mg/d and 4 mg/d were combined insomnia (early, middle, late), dry mouth, headache, decreased appetite, nausea, and anxiety. Changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were minimal. Mean baseline to endpoint changes in supine pulse rate on dasotraline 6 mg/d and 4 mg/d vs. placebo was +6.2 bpm and +4.8 vs. +0.2 bpm.

In this 12-week, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study, treatment with dasotraline 6 mg/d was associated with a significant reduction in frequency of binge-eating days per week; efficacy was not demonstrated for the 4 mg dose. Treatment with both doses of dasotraline resulted in improvement in the Y-BOCS-BE and the BE-CGI-S. Dasotraline was safe and generally well-tolerated at both doses; most common adverse events were insomnia, dry mouth and headache.

Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03107026

Supported by funding from Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Current treatments for schizophrenia are often associated with increased rates of metabolic syndrome (MetSy). MetSy is defined as meeting 3 of the following 5 criteria: waist circumference >40in (men) or >35in (women), triglycerides =150mg/dL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) <40mg/dL (men) or <50mg/dL (women), systolic blood pressure (BP) =130mmHg or diastolic BP =85mmHg, fasting glucose =100mg/dL. Patients with MetSy have an elevated risk of developing type II diabetes and increased mortality due to cardiovascular disease. Lumateperone (lumateperone tosylate, ITI−007), a mechanistically novel antipsychotic that simultaneously modulates serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate neurotransmission, is FDA approved for the treatment of schizophrenia. This distinct pharmacological profile has been associated with favorable tolerability and a low risk of adverse metabolic effects in clinical trials. This post hoc analysis of 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of patients with an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia compared rates of MetSy with lumateperone and risperidone. Data from an open-label long-term trial of lumateperone were also evaluated.

The incidence and shift in MetSy were analyzed in data pooled from 2 short-term (4 or 6 week) placebo- and active-controlled (risperidone 4mg) studies of lumateperone 42mg (Studies 005 and 302). The pooled lumateperone data were compared with data for risperidone. Data from an open-label 1-year trial (Study 303) evaluated MetSy in patients with stable schizophrenia switched from prior antipsychotic (PA) treatment to lumateperone 42mg.

In the acute studies (n=256 lumateperone 42mg, n=255 risperidone 4mg), rates of MetSy were similar between groups at baseline (16% lumateperone, 19% risperidone). At the end of treatment (EOT), MetSy was less common with lumateperone than with risperidone (13% vs 25%). More lumateperone patients (46%) compared with risperidone (25%) patients improved from having MetSy at baseline to no longer meeting MetSy criteria at EOT. Conversely, more patients on risperidone than on lumateperone developed MetSy during treatment (13% vs 5%). Differences in MetSy conversion rates were driven by changes in triglycerides and glucose. In the long-term study (n=602 lumateperone 42mg), 33% of patients had MetSy at PA baseline. Thirty-six percent of patients (36%) with MetSy at PA baseline improved to no longer meeting criteria at EOT. Fewer than half that percentage shifted from not meeting MetSy criteria to having MetSy (15%).

In this post hoc analysis, lumateperone 42mg patients had reduced rates of MetSy compared with risperidone patients. In the long-term study, patients with MetSy on PA switched to lumateperone 42mg had a reduction in the risk of MetSy. These results suggest that lumateperone 42mg is a promising new treatment for schizophrenia with a favorable metabolic profile.

Intra-Cellular Therapies, Inc.

Prior studies demonstrated the antipsychotic activity of the dual M1/M4 preferring muscarinic receptor agonist xanomeline in people with schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease, but its further clinical development was limited primarily by gastrointestinal side effects. KarXT combines xanomeline and the peripherally restricted muscarinic receptor antagonist trospium chloride. KarXT is designed to preserve xanomeline’s beneficial central nervous system effects while mitigating side effects due to peripheral muscarinic receptor activation. The efficacy and safety of KarXT in schizophrenia were demonstrated in the 5-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled EMERGENT-1 (NCT03697252), EMERGENT-2 (NCT04659161), and EMERGENT-3 (NCT04738123) trials.

The EMERGENT trials randomized people with a recent worsening of positive symptoms warranting hospitalization, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score ≥80, and Clinical Global Impression–Severity (CGI-S) score ≥4. KarXT dosing (xanomeline/trospium) started at 50 mg/20 mg twice daily (BID) and increased to a maximum of 125 mg/30 mg BID. In each trial, the primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline to week 5 in PANSS total score. Other efficacy measures included change from baseline to week 5 in PANSS positive subscale, PANSS negative subscale, PANSS Marder negative factor, and CGI-S scores. Data from the EMERGENT trials were pooled, and efficacy analyses were conducted in the modified intent-to-treat population, defined as all randomized participants who received ≥1 trial drug dose and had a baseline and ≥1 postbaseline PANSS assessment.

The pooled analyses included 640 participants (KarXT, n=314; placebo, n=326). Across trials, KarXT was associated with a significantly greater reduction in PANSS total score at week 5 compared with placebo (KarXT, -19.4; placebo, -9.6 [least squares mean (LSM) difference, -9.9; 95% CI, -12.4 to -7.3; P<0.0001; Cohen’s d, 0.65]). At week 5, KarXT was also associated with a significantly greater reduction than placebo in PANSS positive subscale (KarXT, -6.3; placebo, -3.1 [LSM difference, -3.2; 95% CI, -4.1 to -2.4; P<0.0001; Cohen’s d, 0.67]), PANSS negative subscale (KarXT, -3.0; placebo, -1.3 [LSM difference, -1.7; 95% CI, -2.4 to -1.0; P<0.0001; Cohen’s d, 0.40]), PANSS Marder negative factor (KarXT, -3.8; placebo, -1.8 [LSM difference, -2.0; 95% CI, -2.8 to -1.2; P<0.0001; Cohen’s d, 0.42]), and CGI-S scores (KarXT, -1.1; placebo, -0.5 [LSM difference, -0.6; 95% CI, -0.8 to -0.4; P<0.0001; Cohen’s d, 0.63]).

In pooled analyses from the EMERGENT trials, KarXT demonstrated statistically significant improvements across efficacy measures with consistent and robust effect sizes. These findings support the potential of KarXT to be first in a new class of medications to treat schizophrenia based on muscarinic receptor agonism and without any direct dopamine D2 receptor blocking activity.

Karuna Therapeutics

1. To assess the effectiveness, functionality and tolerability of Aripiprazole long-acting injectable (ALAI) in patients with stable schizophrenia

2. Compare hospitalizations and emergency assists during 18-month period before (retrospective period) and after (prospective period) switch to ALAI

The study sample involved 18 patients with stable schizophrenia (DSM 5 criteria) who started treatment with ALAI between January-December 2016.

Variables: age, gender, psychopharmacological treatment.

- Follow-up study: Prospective assessments were performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months:

∙ Brief Psychiatric rating Scale (BPRS)

∙ Global Clinical Impression Scale (ICG-SI)

∙ Personal and social Performance (PSP)

∙ Side effects reported

- Mirror-image study: 18-month before and afters witch

∙ Number of hospitalizations and emergency assists

The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and all the participants provided written consent for participation.

Student’s t-test and Chi-square test were used to assess differences between baseline evaluation and subsequent visits. For mirror-image analysis test Z and MacNemar was used.

a) Efficacy and functionality: At the end of the study we observed:

∙ A statistically significant: reduction in the total score of ICG-SI, and increase in the total score of PSP

∙ A reduction in the total score of BPRS.

There is an indirect correlation between age and changes in the score on: BPRS and ICG-SI (p<0.05) and PSP scale (p<0.05)

b) Tolerability: The most frequent side effect with an incidence of 22% was transient mild insomnia

c) Psychopharmacological treatment: The percentage of patients on monotherapy increased from 39.6% baseline to 66.6%, and treatment with Biperidene decreased from 27.5% to 5.5% at the end of the study

d) Number of hospitalizations and emergency assist:

∙ 12 hospital admission during 18-month period before switch to ALI, and 3 hospital admission 18-month after switch

∙ 24 emergency assist during 18-month period before switch to ALI, and 7 emergency assist 18-month afterswitch

e) Treatment compliance: shown in Table 1.

ALAI can be effective therapy for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia: improves psychopathological symptoms, functionality and can prevent hospitalizations and emergency visits. In addition, ALAI is well tolerated, achieving a high percentage of patients in monotherapy.

Bipolar depression is an important part of college students’ mental health problems. As an important part of the school curriculum system, the improvement of its teaching methods and contents has an important impact on students’ mental health. From the perspective of educational psychology, the integration of curriculum ideology and politics with college physical education is expected to play an important role in the relief of bipolar depression.

The experiment selected 50 college students in a physical education course as the research object, half of them as the experimental group, received the physical education course treatment under the mode of educational psychology for half a year, and the other half as the control group, received the physical education course treatment with the ideological and political integration of educational psychology course for half a year. After the course, the Stanford Acute Stress Response Questionnaire (SASRQ) was used for feedback. The higher the score, the more serious the bipolar depression was.

The students in the experimental group had a more positive attitude, and their physical exercise was also strengthened, with a low feedback score of about 8. In the control group, the remission effect of bipolar depression was not obvious, the learning enthusiasm was not high, and the feedback score was 15 points.

The integration of educational psychology curriculum thinking and politics in college physical education teaching has a positive effect on the alleviation of students’ depression and also provides an important reference for the improvement of college physical education teaching.

The research is supported by: 2023 Zhongshan Vocational and Technical College Scientific Research Project, Design and Development of a Physical Health Management System for College Students (No. KYB2319).

Anxiety, tension, sadness, anger, and other emotions are collectively referred to as negative emotions, which can bring negative emotional experiences, make the body feel uncomfortable, and even affect normal work and life. At present, the proportion of college students suffering from negative emotions is relatively high, which has become a focus of the society. Negative emotions can lead to problems such as memory deterioration and attention impairment. Based on the characteristics of (Electro-EncephaloGram) EEG signals, the study analyzed the improvement effect of music neurofeedback training on college students’ negative emotion and attention state.

This research reaches a cooperation with a well-known university in China, and randomly selects 250 students from the School of Electrical Engineering of the university. Then, the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) was used for evaluation, and 60 students with PANAS scores of more than 20 were selected as experimental subjects. Then 50 students were divided into two groups, namely, the test group and the control group, with 40 students in the experimental group and 10 students in the control group. Among them, the experimental group includes 20 people in the music stimulation group and 20 people in the nerve feedback group. The music stimulation group and nerve feedback training group were stimulated for 5 minutes each time, and then took a rest for 2 minutes. After resting twice, EEG signals were collected for 2 minutes. The test period was 2 weeks. The control group did not receive any stimulation or training, and the EEG signal acquisition method and time were consistent with the experimental group. At the end of the test cycle, the PANAS scale is used again for evaluation.

Table 1 shows the change of PANAS (negative) scores of the two groups of college students before and after the test. The results showed that the PANAS scores of students in the experimental group under nerve feedback and music stimulation decreased significantly after the experiment, and the difference before and after the experiment was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The PANAS score of the control group decreased, but the change was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).

On the basis of analyzing the resting EEG signals of nerve feedback training and music stimulation, it is combined with the relative power and continuous coherence analysis method. The intervention effect of music neurofeedback training on college students’ negative emotion and attention state was studied from the aspects of EEG signal and scale evaluation with the help of self-measurement scale. The results showed that the negative emotions of college students under the stimulation of nerve feedback and music were significantly relieved compared with those before the intervention, indicating that this method is an effective tool to regulate negative emotions and cognitive attention, and has certain clinical application value.Table 1.

The change of PANAS (negative) scores of the two groups of college students before and after the experiment

This study aimed to investigate the effects of esketamine (Esk) combined with dexmedetomidine (Dex) on postoperative delirium (POD) and quality of recovery (QoR) in elderly patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical lung cancer surgery.

In this prospective, randomized, and controlled study, 172 elderly patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical lung cancer surgery were divided into two groups: the Esk + Dex group (n = 86) and the Dex group a (n = 86). The primary outcome was the incidence of POD within 7 days after surgery and the overall Quality of Recovery−15 (QoR − 15) scores within 3 days after surgery. Secondary outcomes included postoperative adverse reactions, extubation time, PACU stay, and hospitalization time. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-10, S100β protein, NSE, CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ were detected from T0 to T5.

Compared with the Dex group, the incidence of POD in the Esk + Dex group was significantly lower at 7 days after surgery (14.6% vs 30.9%; P = 0.013). The QoR − 15 score was significantly increased 3 days after surgery (P < 0.01). Levels of IL-6 and CD8+ were significantly decreased, and IL − 10 levels were significantly increased at T1-T2 (P < 0.05). At T1-T4, NSE levels were significantly decreased, while CD3+ and CD4+/CD8+ values were significantly increased (P < 0.01). At T1-T5, serum S100β protein concentration decreased significantly, and CD4+ value increased significantly (P < 0.01). The incidence of nausea/vomiting and hyperalgesia decreased significantly 48 hours after surgery (P < 0.01). The duration of extubation, PACU stay, and postoperative hospitalization were significantly shortened.

Esketamine combined with dexmedetomidine can significantly reduce the POD incidence and improve the QoR in patients undergoing thoracoscopic radical lung cancer surgery, which may be related to the improvement of cellular immune function.

A 20-year-old woman with a history of bipolar disorder (BD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and borderline personality disorder (BPD) presented to the emergency department with suicidal ideation. This report compares her clinical course with that of her twin brother, who also had received a BD diagnosis but grew up in a less stressful environment than his sister. It also describes the possible genetic and environmental etiologic factors associated with BD, PTSD, BPD, and other psychiatric conditions. Chronic stress is strongly associated with the development of these conditions; pathologic processes involving the effect of stress hormones and neurotransmitters on the brain and central nervous system are described, along with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches to reducing chronic stress in persons with BD and other psychological disorders.

No funding.

As an essential direction of higher education reform, curriculum thinking and politics aims to guide and shape students’ thoughts and behaviors in their daily study and life through curriculum content and educational methods. As a common psychological disorder, bipolar disorder (BD) has an essential influence on the research and life of college students. This study explores the effect of ideological and political integration in guiding students with bipolar disorder.

The study employed a random selection process to choose a cohort of 500 college students, among whom 50 had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The research employed a combination of questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and psychological tests while assessing the patients’ condition using the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD). The collected data were subsequently analyzed using SPSS 24.0.

The study found that the student management mode of ideological and political integration can effectively improve the psychological adaptability of students with bipolar disorder. 75% of the students with bipolar disorder said that their emotional fluctuations are reduced, and their learning motivation and concentration are improved under this management mode. In addition, this management style also enhances their recognition and acceptance of social and school norms.

The integration of ideological and political education in curriculum management has a positive guiding effect on students with bipolar disorder, which can help them better adapt to school life and improve their academic and mental health levels. It is recommended that universities further strengthen the research and application of this management method to serve the majority of students better.

Disease prevalence, comorbid conditions, and pharmacological treatments were examined in a large population of US commercial- or Medicaid-insured individuals with schizophrenia.

This retrospective, cross-sectional claims analysis sourced data from the IBM MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental Databases and the Multi-state Medicaid Database (01Jan2009 to 30Jun2016). Cases were defined by =1 diagnostic claim (ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM) for schizophrenia during the study period. Comorbidities (=1 ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM diagnosis code) were grouped according to Clinical Classifications Software (CCS) level 2 categories. For the per-database analysis of comorbidities, schizophrenia cases were matched with controls by demographic characteristics. Case-control comorbidity comparisons were performed using prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) and 95% CIs. Per-database medication exposure (=1 National Drug Code in outpatients grouped by Redbook classification) was also assessed.

Schizophrenia prevalence was 0.11% and 0.99% in commercially and Medicaid-insured patients, respectively. In both databases, comorbidity prevalence was higher among schizophrenia cases versus controls in approximately =80% of the CCS level 2 categories assessed. Common top categories of comorbidities for schizophrenia cases were mood disorders, anxiety disorders, other connective tissue disease, and diseases of the heart. Comorbidities with the highest case-control PRRs included personality disorders, suicide and intentional self-inflicted injury, and impulse control disorders. Across databases, the most commonly prescribed medications in cases were antipsychotics, antidepressants, and analgesics/antipyretics opiate agonists; the most highly prescribed antipsychotics were risperidone, quetiapine, aripiprazole, and olanzapine.

This large-scale analysis quantifies the high prevalence of medical and psychiatric comorbidity burden in patients with schizophrenia, highlighting the importance of integrated medical and psychiatric care.

Alkermes, Inc.