Let G be a finite group, K a normal subgroup of G, χ an irreducible complex character of G. In the usual decomposition of χ|κ, using Clifford's theorems, G/K is seen to operate by conjugation on the irreducible characters of K and if σ is an irreducible component of χ|κ, then I(σ) the inertial group of σ, plays an essential role as an appropriate intermediate subgroup for the analysis. In this paper we consider the case where G/K is abelian and study the action of the dual group (G/K)^ (of linear characters of G/K) on the irreducible characters of G effected by multiplication. This action appears to be related in a dual way to the action of G/K on the characters of K. We define a subgroup J(χ) of G which plays a role similar to that of I (σ) and which we call the dual inertial group of χ.

Let X be a completely regular Hausdorff space, and let βX denote the Stone-Čech compactification of X. A point p ∈ βX is called a remote point of βX if p does not belong to the βX-closure of any discrete subspace of X. Remote points were first defined and studied by Fine and Gillman, who proved that if the continuum hypothesis is assumed then the set of remote points of βR((βQ) is dense in βR – R(βQ – Q ) (R denotes the space of reals, Q the space of rationals). Assuming the continuum hypothesis, Plank has proved that if X is a locally compact, non-compact, separable metric space without isolated points, then βX has a set of remote points that is dense in βX – X. Robinson has extended this result by dropping the assumption that X is separable.

In this paper we represent certain linear operators in a space with indefinite metric. Such a space may be a pair (H, B), where H is a separable Hilbert space, B is a bilinear functional on H given by B(x, y) = [Jx, y], [, ] is the Hilbert inner product in H, and J is a bounded linear operator such that J = J* and J2 = I. If T is a linear operator in H, then ‖T‖ is the usual operator norm. The operator J above has two eigenspaces corresponding to the eigenvalues + 1 and –1.

In case the eigenspace in which J induces a positive operator has finite dimension k, a general spectral theory is known and has been developed principally by Pontrjagin [25], Iohvidov and Kreĭn [13], Naĭmark [20], and others.

In 1944 Whitney proved that any differentiable n-manifold (n ≧ 2) can be (differentiably) immersed in R2n–1[15] and embedded in R2n [14]. Whitney's results are best possible when n = 2r. (One uses a simple argument involving the dual Stiefel-Whitney classes of real projective space Pn. See [9, pp. 14, 15].) However, there is a widely known conjecture that any R-manifold (n ≧ 2) immerses in R2n–α(n) and embeds in R2n–α(n)+1. Here, α(n) denotes the number of ones in the binary expansion of n. We prove (Theorem 5.1) that every compact manifold is cobordant to a manifold that immerses in (2n – α(n))-space and embeds in (2n – α(n) + 1)-space. (See § 1 for the definition of cobordant manifolds.) It is well known that if the conjecture were true it would be the best possible result.

Our aim in this note is to generalize results of Baer in [3; 5]. In § 1 an arbitrary formation n is considered, the key result being Proposition 1.5. This is applied in § 2 to characterize various finiteness conditions, for example the classes of groups with maximum [minimum] condition on subgroups, subnormal subgroups, and normal subgroups respectively, or the class of (not necessarily soluble) polyminimax groups (see Theorems 2.1 and 2.6). These results may also be regarded as generalizations of the well-known theorem of Malcev-Baer that a radical group satisfies the maximum condition [is a polyminimax group] if all its abelian subgroups satisfy the maximum condition [are minimax groups].

Let R be a ring with 1 ≠ 0 and α, β, γ R-endomorphisms of R-modules A, B, and C respectively. We shall denote by M(R) the category of R-modules, and by End(R) the category of R-endomorphisms. For objects α and β of End(R) a morphism λ: α → β is an R-homomorphism such that λα = β λ. We shall denote by Idm(R) the full subcategory of End(R) whose objects are idempotents. Idm(R) is an abelian category, ker, coker and im are constructed in the naive way and hence

is exact in M(R) if and only if

is exact in Idm(R), where the domains of α,β, and γ are A, B, and C respectively. One sees that End (R) as well as Idm(R) is abelian.

In a series of papers [1; 2; 3; 4] the operation of linearizing the product of two Jacobi polynomials Pn(α, β)(x), α, β > –1, has been investigated and the existence of a natural Banach algebra associated with the linearization coefficients has been proven. This was proven for α + β + 1 ≧ 0 in [3] and for a slightly larger region in [4]. It was shown in [4] that such a Banach algebra does not exist for . The method used in [1; 3; 4] was to prove the non-negativity of the expansion coefficients from which the existence of the Banach algebra easily follows. However, as shown in [4], the coefficients for a subset of can be negative infinitely often and so a different method must be used for these values of α and β.

Multiparameter eigenvalue problems for systems of linear differential equations with homogeneous boundary conditions have been considered by Ince [4] and Richardson [5, 6], and more recently Faierman [3] has considered their completeness and expansion theorems. A survey of eigenvalue problems with several parameters, in mathematics, is given by Atkinson [1].

We consider the two differential equations:

1a

1b

where p1’(x), q1(x), A1(x), B1(x) and p2’(y), q2(y), A2(y), B2(y) are continuous for x ∈ [a1, b1] and y ∈ [a2, b2] respectively, and p1 (x) > 0(x ∈ [a1, b1]), p2(y) > 0 (y ∈ [a2, b2]), p1(a1) = p1(b1), p2(a2) = p2(b2). The differential equations (1) will be subjected to the periodic boundary conditions.

2a

2b

Let us consider a single differential equation

For the case of plane regions bounded by finitely many disjoint Jordan curves, the solution of the Dirichlet problem can be expressed in terms of the classical harmonic measure of boundary arcs. At an appropriate stage in the development it is, in fact, useful to observe that the existence of such harmonic measures is equivalent to solvability of the Dirichlet problem (although one subsequently proves that all such regions are Dirichlet regions). We propose here to carry over this order of ideas to a quite general setting, in which arbitrary regions and ideal boundary structures are allowed. The counterparts of the classical harmonic measures of arcs are then harmonic functions with analogous boundary properties, but they no longer appear as measures in the boundary sets, in general. We shall refer to them as “pseudo harmonic measures”. Our main result shows how pseudo harmonic measures can be used to solve the Dirichlet problem.

For a distributive lattice L, let denote the poset of all prime ideals of L together with ∅ and L. This paper is concerned with the following type of problem. Given a class of distributive lattices, characterize all posets P for which for some . Such a poset P will be called representable over. For example, if is the class of all relatively complemented distributive lattices, then P is representable over if and only if P is a totally unordered poset with 0, 1 adjoined. One of our main results is a complete characterization of those posets P which are representable over the class of distributive lattices which are generated by their meet irreducible elements. The problem of determining which posets P are representable over the class of all distributive lattices appears to be very difficult.

A Boolean algebra B is a retract of an algebra A if there exist homomorphisms ƒ: B → A and g: A → B such that gƒ is the identity map B. Some important properties of retracts of Boolean algebras are stated in [3, §§ 30, 31, 32]. If A and B are a-complete, and A is α-generated by B, Dwinger [1, p. 145, Theorem 2.4] proved necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an α-homomorphism g: A → B such that g is the identity map on B. Note that if a is not an infinite cardinal, B must be equal to A. The dual problem was treated by Wright [6]; he assumed that A and B are σ-algebras, and that g: A → B is a σ-homomorphism, and gave conditions for the existence of a homomorphism ƒ:B → A such that gƒ is the identity map.

In this paper, R ⊂ T will be commutative domains having a common identity.

Definition. Suppose that R is a subdomain of T.

(i) If P is a prime ideal of R and Q is a prime ideal of T, we say that Q lies over P if Q ∩ R = P.

(ii) If every prime of R has a prime of T lying over it, we say that R ⊂ T has lying over.

(iii) If there is a unique prime of T lying over P in R, we say that P is unibranched in T.

(iv) If every prime of R is unibranched in T we say that R ⊂ T is unibranched.

An element a in a partially ordered semigroup T is called integral if

is valid. The integral elements form a subsemigroup S of T if they exist. Two different integral idempotents e and f in T generate different one-sided ideals, because eT = fT, say, implies e = fe ⊆ f and f = ef ⊆ e.

Let M be a completely simple semigroup. M is the disjoint union of its maximal subgroups [4]. Their identity elements generate the minimal one-sided ideals in M. The previous paragraph suggests the introduction of the following hypothesis on M.

Hypothesis 1. Every minimal one-sided ideal in M is generated by an integral idempotent.

The graphs considered in this paper are assumed to be finite, with no edge joining a vertex to itself and with no two distinct edges joining the same pair of vertices. An undirected graph will be denoted by G or (V, E), where V is the set of vertices and E is the set of edges. An edge joining the vertices i,j ∊ V will be denoted by the unordered pair (i,j).

An orientation of G = (V, E) is an assignment of a unique direction i → j or j → i to every edge (i,j) ∊ E. The resulting directed image of G will be denoted by G→ or (V, E→), where E→ is now a set of ordered pairs E→ = {[i,j]| (i,j) ∊ E and i → j}. Notice the difference in notation (brackets versus parentheses) for ordered and unordered pairs.

There has been some interest lately in equational classes of commutative semigroups (see, for example, [2; 4; 7; 8]). The atoms of the lattice of equational classes of commutative semigroups have been known for some time [5]. Perkins [6] has shown that each equational class of commutative semigroups is finitely based. Recently, Schwabauer [7; 8] proved that the lattice is not modular, and described a distributive sublattice of the lattice.

The present paper describes a “skeleton” sublattice of the lattice, which is isomorphic to A × N+ with a unit adjoined, where A is the lattice of pairs (r, s) of non-negative integers with r ≦ s and s ≧ 1, ordered component-wise, and N+ is the natural numbers with division.

In this paper we generalize to modules of singular submodule zero over a ring of singular ideal zero some of the results, which are well known for torsion-free modules over a commutative integral domain, e.g. [2, Chapter VII, p. 127], or over a ring, which possesses a classical right quotient ring, e.g. [13, § 5].

Let R be an associative ring with 1 and let M be a unitary right R-module, the latter fact denoted by MR. A submodule NR of MR is large in MR (MR is an essential extension of NR) if NR intersects non-trivially every non-zero submodule of MR; the notation NR ⊆′ MR is used for the statement “NR is large in MR” The singular submodule of MR, denoted Z(MR), is then defined to be the set {m ∈ M| r(m) ⊆’ RR}, where

It is well known [13] that the irreducible tensor representations (IRs) of the unitary, orthogonal, and symplectic groups in an n-dimensional space may be specified by means of Young tableaux associated with partitions (σ)s = (σ1, σ2, …, σp) with σ1 + σ2 + … + σp = s. Formulae for the dimensions of the corresponding representations have been established [1; 8; 9; 13] in terms of the row lengths of these tableaux. It has been shown [12] for the unitary group, U(n), that the formula may be written as a quotient whose numerator is a polynomial in n containing s factors, and whose denominator is a number independent of n, which likewise may be expressed as a product of s factors. This formula is valid for all n.

Associated with a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form on a vector space is a Clifford algebra and various Clifford groups, which have spin representations on minimal right ideals of the Clifford algebra. Several invariants for these representations have been known for some time. In this paper the forms are assumed to be “split”, and several relations between the invariants are derived and promoted to the status of axioms. Then it is shown that any system satisfying the axioms comes from a minimal right ideal in a Clifford algebra and that the automorphism groups associated with the system are the Clifford groups. Hence, the axioms characterize spin representations.

A description of split forms and spin representations is in section two. In section three the invariants and their properties are described.

Let U be the class of all normalized analytic functions

where z ∈ E = {z : |z| < 1} and ƒ is univalent in E. Let K denote the sub-class of U consisting of those members that map E onto a convex domain. MacGregor [2] showed that if ƒ1 ∈ K and ƒ2 ∈ K and if

1

then F ∉ K when λ is real and 0 < λ < 1, and the radius of univalency and starlikeness for F is .

In this paper, we examine the expression (1) when ƒ1 ∈ K, ƒ2 ∈ K and λ is a complex constant and find the radius of starlikeness for such a linear combination of complex functions with complex coefficients.

We shall be concerned throughout this paper with the Sobolev space Wm,p(G) and the existence and compactness (or lack of it) of its imbeddings (i.e. continuous inclusions) into various LP spaces over G, where G is an open, not necessarily bounded subset of n-dimensional Euclidean space En. For each positive integer m and each real p ≧ 1 the space Wm,p(G) consists of all u in LP(G) whose distributional partial derivatives of all orders up to and including m are also in LP(G). With respect to the norm

1.1

Wm,p(G) is a Banach space. It has been shown by Meyers and Serrin [9] that the set of functions in Cm(G) which, together with their partial derivatives of orders up to and including m, are in LP(G) forms a dense subspace of Wm,p(G).