The sexual behavior of 11 species of Pyrota is described. Analysis of the functional significance of anatomical secondary sexual characters in these species and a survey of similar modifications in others indicates that the general pattern observed is characteristic of the genus. Adults exhibit little aggressive behavior, and courtship involves prolonged physical contact between the sexes. Male courtship activities follow a regular cyclic pattern, as he alternately mounts above the female to perform one series of acts (palpation, dorsal antennation, and rocking) and orients behind her to perform another (leg grasp, palpal insertion beneath her elytra, lifting of her body, posterior antennation, abdominal curvature and stroke, and genital hold). Copulation entails abdominal pumping by the male.

As a prelude to comparative studies, a new classification of the Meloidae is proposed. Characters of sexual and related behavior at the subfamilial level and anatomical characters associated with them are discussed in an evolutionary context. Nemognathinae and, by inference, Eleticinae have simple courtship behavior, copulate dorso-ventrally for short periods of time, and do not prepare sites for oviposition. Meloinae have more elaborate courtship, copulate in a linear position for extended periods, and oviposit in specially prepared cavities in the ground.

Compared with that in other Meloidae, courtship behavior in Pyrota is both complex and highly distinctive. Interspecific differences, considered in detail for six species, involve variation in the precise manner of performance of acts and their temporal relationships. Systematically the ethological data are in reasonable accord with those from other sources except that the courtship behavior of P. concinna is more divergent from that of its presumed relatives than would be expected on the basis of anatomical and ecological characters. An explanation of this discrepancy is proposed in terms of the evolutionary reinforcement of ethological differences functioning in interspecific reproductive isolation.

The male and female reproductive organs of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus monticolae Hopk. are described, and interpretations given for functions of the parts on the basis of activity during mating, sperm transfer, egg formation and ovulation. Some morphological changes of the reproductive organs during the adult life cycle are also noted.

Three pairs of accessory glands associated with spermatophore production are evident in the male beetle. One of these was previously termed the seminal vesicles. A complex musculature operates the male genital organ during copulation. The female organs have four telotrophic ovarioles with a posterior calyx region that has a possible secretory function. Evidence indicates that organs previously termed "colleterial glands" have a digestive and reabsorbing function. The bursa copulatrix may be more closely allied with the function of the accessory glands than with the mating process. Parts of the spermatheca have been more precisely defined according to function.

Descriptions are presented for 86 new Lonchaeidae as follows: Silba Macquart, 19 species: 7 from Australia, 6 from Africa, 3 from Madagascar, and 3 from the Solomon Islands.; Lonchaea Fallén, 67 species: 50 from North America, 6 from Africa, 3 from Australia, 2 from Colombia, 2 from the Caroline Islands, and one from each of the following: New Hebrides Islands, India, Fiji Islands and France.

Ten species of the larger, primarily aphidophagous, coccinellids were present in peach orchards of the Niagara Peninsula. Adalia bipunctata (L.) and Coccinella trifasciata perplexa Mulsant were the commonest. All were most numerous in the spring while the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), was present but their population densities were low at all times, apparently because suitable prey was scarce. They were not attracted to dense populations of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and were of no importance as predators of peach pests.

At least 7 species were bivoltine but the second generation was only partial.

The occurrence of the genus Megamelus Fieb. in Canada and Alaska is reviewed. Seven species are shown to be present in the area and these are described, the genitalia illustrated and distribution documented: four species are recorded in Canada for the first time. It is shown that previous records of M. notula (Germ.), M. davisi (V-D.) and M. inflatus Metc. in Canada are in error.

In peach orchards undisturbed by pesticides and where phytophagous mites were at endemic densities, spring populations of Typhlodromus caudiglans were small and remained so during early summer until phytophagous mites, especially Aculus cornutus, began to increase. T. caudiglans reached maximal densities in September. In such orchards T. caudiglans appears to be an important factor in maintaining Panonychus ulmi at low density levels. On trees where DDT applied the previous year had caused P. ulmi to build up and which could be repopulated by T. caudiglans from neighbouring trees, the predator increased very rapidly but appeared to reach an upper limit of density fixed by intrinsic factors, possibly cannibalism. Under these conditions T. caudiglans could not bring P. ulmi to endemic densities in one season, though it appeared to slow the mite’s rate of increase and to reduce its maximal seasonal density.

The Swaine jack-pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd., is a serious defoliator of jack pine in Canada, and has been reported widely in the Lake States. The largest populations in Wisconsin were on plantations and windbreaks. It is host specific and feeds primarily on old foliage. Damage to new foliage is sporadic, usually being heaviest late in the season. When forced to feed on red, eastern white, or Scotch pines the sawfly develops abnormally. It is not a serious threat to these species. In southern Wisconsin, adults emerge during June; eggs are present from mid-June to mid- July; larvae feed during July and August; heaviest feeding damage occurs in late July and early August; late larval populations feed throughout September. Fecundity was 116 ± 17 eggs. Eggs are placed in new needles, and "paired eggs" are characteristic. The distribution pattern of eggs within a single cluster is characterized for long and for short shoots of new growth. Female larvae require five or six feeding instars, males five. Phenological observations are correlated with sawfly development.

The subfamily Glaphyriinae is briefly discussed. To the six nominal genera placed here by Forbes a further 18 described nominal genera are added, together with the following 13 new genera, 1 new generic name and 32 new species:–Scybalista amazonica, n. sp., Brazil; S. himerta, n. sp., Peru; Aethiophysa, n. g., type-sp. Homophysa lentiflualis Zeller; Aethiophysa consimilis, n. sp., southeastern U. S. A.; Ae. surinamensis, n. sp., Guiana; Ae. acutipennis, n. sp., Brazil; Ae. delicata, n. sp., Florida; Xanthophysa, n. g., type-sp. Botis psychialis Hulst; Abegesta, n. g., type-sp. Orobena reluctalis Hulst; Abegesta concha, n. sp., Arizona; Scybalistodes, n. g., type-sp. Glaphyria periculosalis Dyar; Scybalistodes vermiculalis, n. sp., Arizona; S. regularis, n. sp., Arizona; S. reducta, n. sp., Tres Marias Is.; S. violetalis, n. sp., Chiapas; S. rivuloides, n. sp., Tres Marias Is.; Stegea, n. n., for Egesta Ragonot nec Conrad, type-sp. Homophysa eripalis Grote; Stegea mexicana, n. sp., Mexico; S. clarkei, n. sp., Colombia; S. jamaicensis, n. sp., Jamaica; Paregesta, n. g., type-sp. P. californiensis, n. sp., California; Nephrogramma, n. g., type-sp. Homophysa reniculalis Zeller; Chilomima, n. g., type-sp. Pyrausta clarkei Amsel; Chilozela, n. g., type-sp. Loxostege bifilalis Hampson; Macreupoca, n. g., type-sp. M. penai, n. sp., Chile; M. spectralis, n. sp., Chile; Contortipalpia, n. g., type-sp. C. masculina, n. sp., Brazil; Eupoca definita, n. sp., Brazil; E. micralis, n. sp., Mexico; Vinculopsis epipaschia, n. sp., Peru; Aureopteryx infuscatalis, n. sp., Bolivia; Lipocosmopsis, n. g., type-sp. Lipocosma intermedialis Barnes and McDunnough; Lipocosmodes, n. g., type-sp. Lipocosma fuliginosalis Fernald; Heptalitha, n. g., type-sp. H. boliviensis, n. sp., Bolivia; Dicymolomia micropunctalis, n. sp., California; D. grisea, n. sp., Florida; Lipocosma forsteri, n. sp., Bolivia; L. teutonialis, n. sp., Brazil; L. saralis, n. sp., Bolivia; L. antonialis, n. sp., Bolivia; L. coroicalis, n. sp., Bolivia; L. isola, n. sp., Tres Marias Is. The following additional taxonomic changes are made: Aethiophysa lentiflualis Zeller is separated from the South American Homophysa invisalis Guenée, which is not identified; Abegesta remellalis (Druce) is considered distinct from A. reluctalis (Hulst); Phlyctaenia prusalis Druce is referred to Scybalistodes; Stegea salutalis (Hulst) is separated from S. eripalis (Grote); Eupoca Warren is separated from Scybalista Lederer, and bifascialis (Walker), sanctalis (Schaus), polyorma (Meyrick), and chicalis (Schaus) are referred to it; Symphysa glorialis Schaus is transferred to Aureopteryx Amsel; Ambia argyractalis Schaus, A. enallasialis Dyar, A. enantialis Dyar, A. enareralis Dyar, Aulacodes odulphalis Schaus, Lipocosma punctissimalis Dyar, and L. teliferalis Dyar are transferred to Heptalitha; Ambia metalophota Hampson is transferred to Dicymolomia Zeller; Glaphyria calla Kaye and ausonialis Druce are transferred to Lipocosma Lederer.

The spatial distribution of egg clusters and cocoons of Neodiprion swainei and N. sertifer is described, and methods are developed for estimating the density of different stages on the same numerical basis.

Egg-cluster density varies directly with height in the tree, branch length, and tree size, evidently due to the females’ preference for illuminated sites. The overdispersion of egg-cluster counts reflects the heterogeneity of distribution of suitable oviposition sites rather than an inherent aggregative behaviour of parent females. Cocoon density within stands is not strongly related to the distance from the nearest tree, due to the wide dispersal of cocoon-spinning larvae. Some of the overdispersion of cocoon counts is due to differences in cocoon density between sections of a stand. Cocoons of males are more highly aggregated than those of females, and cocoons attacked by predators are more highly aggregated than ones not attacked.

The sampling unit selected for each life-history stage is one that permits density estimates of desired precision at minimum cost. In some stands, egg density can be estimated at minimum cost by direct counts per quadrat, in most stands, however, the whole tree is the most economical unit, despite the fact that per-tree density must be converted to absolute density in order to express all stages on a common basis. Sampling error can be reduced by stratification according to tree size. Gradients in cocoon density are seldom steep enough to permit stratification, but the cost of sampling can be minimized by adjusting unit size. Optimal unit size varies inversely with cocoon density and degree of aggregation, and is affected by soil type and the method used to extract cocoons.

The role of spatial distribution and sampling programs in studies of population dynamics is discussed.

The genus Aceodromus is redefined on the basis of the type species, A. convolvuli Muma, and a new species, A. asternalis, both of which are described and illustrated. The subfamily Aceodrominae Muma is removed from the Phytoseiidae and synonymized under the subfamily Blattisociinae (Blattisociidae), and reasons for this action are discussed.

Despite their inert appearance, the wings of insects are living appendages and are supplied with blood. This is true for definitive wings as well as for developing ones, and for modified wings such as tegmina, elytra, hemelytra, and halteres as for those that are specialized for flight. Typically the blood circulates only through the wing veins, but in some insects it escapes into the surrounding membrane in certain areas, and in highly modified forms it may be entirely unconfined. The course of circulation is basically the same in the wings of most insects. It flows outward from the body in the costo-medial veins, moves toward the posterior margins via cross-veins, and returns to the body through the cubito-anal veins and axillary cord. However, rhe precise route followed is highly variable concomitant with distinctive patterns of venation in different taxonomic groups and with wing structure. This is illustrated for a number of orders.

Pineus strobi (Htg.) feeds on eastern white pine, where the sedentary apterous form reproduces itself repeatedly without the sexual form. The insects overwinter as immature females mostly in the third instar. Some eggs laid in spring produce winged forms, but most eggs produce apterous forms. Winged forms migrate to black spruce where they settle on the needles, lay eggs, and then die. The eggs hatch, but the immatures soon perish. On pine the crawler stage is the only one, except the adult alate form, that is capable of dispersing. In 1960 the bulk of the population passed through five generations. Although P. strobi can survive in shady areas, it is not found on bark exposed to sunlight for long periods because air temperatures of 30 °C. or above are unfavorable to it. The mouthparts are inserted intracellularly and extend at least into the outer tissues of the live phloem. During the summer, populations of P. strobi were extremely small due to predation. The three commonest insect predators were: Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls., Microweisea marginata LeC. and Leucopis simplex Loew. Other associated organisms had little effect.

The life histories and habits of four curculionids, Hylobius congener, Pissodes affinis, P. approximatus, and Magdalis perforatus, are outlined; and their role in relation to red pine plantations and a serious red pine mortality problem in the Algoma district of Ontario is discussed. A key to the adults is provided and control measures are recommended.

Kelthane MF showed a positive temperature coefficient of toxicity to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius. An increase of about 1.2% mortality occurred for each degree rise in the range from 50-90°F. Pre-treatment of adult, female mites at three different temperatures for three days caused no significant difference in mortality at 74°F. Acaricidal potency of Kelthane MF on peach leaves declined rapidly both indoors and outdoors for the first two days. Thereafter the potency decreased at about the same rate outside, but much slower in the laboratory. Deposits on peach leaves repelled mites strongly for two days, but weakened rapidly over the next six days. Mites entered treated leaf areas after the acaricidal potency had dropped low, and so a larger than expected number of susceptible mites may have survived.

The prey of adult dragonflies has been studied by the analysis of gut contents and was found to consist mainly of small Diptera. Most of the prey is very small but large dragonflies, such as aeshnids, occasionally take larger prey, such as caddis flies and other dragonflies. Relatively little diminution in the numbers of adult mosquitoes can be expected to occur as a result of dragonfly predation, because of the different conditions required for flight by dragonflies and mosquitoes.

The following brief account of the formation and growth of the Lyman Entomological Museum, and of some of the main figures associated with it, is not intended to be complete in detail. For those readers who wish further information a list of references is included. These are not referred to in the text.

Entomology began in this country, and indeed in most countries, as a direct result of the efforts and interest of amateur naturalists. The Lyman Entomological Museum began in this way. Henry Herbert Lyman was a pioneer entomologist of Canada, and although his busines commitments were extensive, he still made time to follow his primary interest, studying and collecting Lepidoptera.

Presence of a caudal appendage or tail in the last larval instar of three genera of the Porizontinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is reported. The structure is described and illustrated and it is suggested that it may be responsible for the jumping of cocoons known to occur in some of the species considered and not known in species that lack the tail.

Wing base characters of taxonomic interest are listed. The morphology of these structures was described in Parts I and II of this series of papers (Sharplin 1963b, c). It is suggested that the presence of a tergopleural apodeme in the mesothorax is a definitive character for the Lepidoptera.