The writer had exceptional opportunities for studying sugar-cane moth borers while engaged as entomologist to one of the most progressive cane-growing concerns in British Guiana from September 1922 until January 1925. The observations and data that follow refer to some three thousand acres of typical cultivation situated on the west bank of the Berbice River, nearly opposite the town of New Amsterdam, in which locality the borer pest probably reaches its maximum in destructiveness.

This species is not common. It is found mostly in native gardens or in gardens now fallow, preferring maize or long grass. It differs from other species in that it does not bite quickly, but “settles” itself first, as though to get a comfortable position for the legs, etc.; also in that it bites with its wings extended. H. vittata is very quick on the wing and is difficult to capture. It seems more prevalent on dull days, and was not found till the rains had well set in and the herbage was some feet high.

In the course of a study of the biology of the Buprestid, Prospheres aurantiopictus, Cast., in Australia, Mr. A. R. Brimblecombe has obtained from the eggs an interesting small Chalcid belonging to the family Encyrtidae.

Several Encyrtid parasites of insect eggs are already known. In Australia Ovidencyrtus pallidipes, Girault, parasitises Reduviid eggs, Tetracnemella megymeni, Dodd, and T. hyalinipennis, Dodd, Pentatomid eggs, and Cheiloneurus viridiscutum, Girault, has been bred from those of cockroaches. In Hawaii the genera Ectopiognatha, Perkins, and Fulgoridicida, Perkins, are found parasitising the eggs of Homoptera. In addition Leefmansia bicolor, Waterston, has been bred from the eggs of the Orthopteron, Sexava sp., in Amboina and Leurocerus ovivorus, Crawford, from the moth, Amathusia phidippus, L., in Java. But most of the Encyrtid egg parasites belong to the genus Ooencyrtus, Ashmead, and it is among them that is placed the only other species known to breed in the eggs of a Coleopteron, Ooencyrtus batocerae, Ferrière, from Malaya. Another species, Tyndarichus rudnevi, Nowicky, is said to have been obtained from the eggs of Cerambyx cerdo, L., in Russia, but as the species of Tyndarichus are generally considered to be hyperparasites, the real parasite of this European Longicorn is still uncertain.

Pseudaonidia tesserata, de Charm.

Aspidiotus (Diaspidiotus) tesseratus, de Charm., Pr. Soc. Amic. Scien., 1899, p. 23.

Pseudaonidia tesserata, Brain, Bull. Ent. Res., ix, 1919, p. 206.

On Monotes glaber (Dipterocarpaceae), Trelawney, 29.iii.1928. The specimens were found on the larger branches (1½ inches in diameter) underneath the superficial tissues of the bark.

Stramineous; lightest over lateral portion of frons and clypeus, mesonotum slightly fuscous or darker stramineous. Tegmina stramineous, lightest over costal cell; apical veins and cross-veins fuscous, on the last apical M and the apical Cu veins the infuscation stretching to cross-vein, where there is an irregular dark mark; the rest of the veins of the same colour as the membrane. Wings hyaline, slightly stramineous, with darker veins.

This insect has been known in Grenada since 1898, and has been considered a pest of cacao by planters and others. At the present time thrips probably occurs in all parts of Grenada; at least, I found it or saw the results of its presence in all parts of the island which I visited, and I think I might say in every field. It was, however, only in certain fields, and often in small areas in those fields, that planters considered that damage had resulted. The remarkable thing about the occurrence of thrips is that it appears year after year on the same areas, even on the same trees, though sometimes spreading a little; but a thrips area one year is liable, or certain, to be athrips area every year.

The cultivation of citrus trees in Palestine is by no means modern, for as far back as the tenth century A.D. the Arabs discovered the “ bitter orange ” in Northern India, and it was, in all probabllity, brought into this country shortly afterwards. Jacques de Vitry, who made a visit to Palestine in the 13th century, mentions several varieties of citrus.

The distribution and host-range of Cerambyx dux Fald. are summarised, and the detailed life-history in Malta, where the hosts are apple and pear, is described. Collections of various stages from host material indicate that the duration of the complete life-cycle is three years, including a 26–28 month larval period. The number of larval instars is estimated at six. Egg survival is dependent on high humidity. The early months of larval activity are confined to the superficial regions of the trunk and main branches of the host, penetration of the sapwood and heartwood occurring later. No special air-holes appear to be constructed by the larva. No exit gallery is constructed, and the emerging adult makes use of the existing burrows, finally gnawing its way to the exterior. The period of emergence is short (8–10 days) and may be stimulated by rain. Adult life lasts about one month. The average number of eggs laid per female is approximately 13. The main predator on C. dux larvae is the larva of Zeuzera pyrina (L.). This is confined to the lesser limbs of trees in Malta, but extends throughout the trees in Gozo, and has practically eliminated C. dux from this island.

The polyphagous insect Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) has a tremendous adaptability in feeding behaviour, making it a serious invasive pest of stored cereals. The present study identifies the metabolite composition of Sitophilus oryzae (S. oryzae) using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Assignment of 1D-proton by NMR, 1H-1H COSY, 2D-TOCSY 1H-1H, had been done. Amongst the various biochemically important metabolites isoleucine, valine, leucine, β-hydroxybutyrate, lysine, glutamate, glutamine, proline, lactate, alanine, di-methylamine, α-glucose, β-glucose, choline, glycerophosphorylcholine and tyrosine are present in S. oryzae. In wheat-fed S. oryzae, the presence of threonine and the absence of lactate is observed. In rice-fed S. oryzae, however, the presence of lactate and the absence of threonine were observed. Barley-fed S. oryzae shows presence of both tyrosine and lactate. It is concluded that the pest S. oryzae has adaptability on different stored cereals and grains, depicting the presence of earlier reported metabolites. The present study aims to identify the key metabolic components and associated enzymes in Sitophilus oryzae fed on different cereals.

Paraleyrodes pseudonaranjaesp. n. is here described, from material collected from invasive colonies affecting agriculture in Hong Kong, Hawaii and the USA (Florida). This species had previously been identified as P. naranjaeDozier, based on puparial characteristics, but comparison of adult males with male syntypes of P. naranjae has indicated that identification to be mistaken. An adult male has been selected as lectotype of P. naranjae, but the identity of the puparia of the original sample remains uncertain.

Natural enemies that impact pest populations must be understood in order to build integrated pest control strategies and to understand the most important aspects affecting pest dynamics. Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge is an important perennial plant species extensively used in sand stabilization and wind prevention in arid areas. This study aimed to determine the main defoliators that damage H. ammodendron and the parasitoid complex associated with them. Twelve species of defoliators were found in Northern Xinjiang, and Teia dubia (Tauscher) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), Scrobipalpa sp. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and Eucharia festiva Hüfnagel (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) were the dominant pests. T. dubia is the predominant defoliator with three generations a year. Northwest China, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean region are potentially suitable habitats for T. dubia in the world, while Xinjiang is the primary distribution area in China. Parasitoids belonging to seven species and four families were reared from the larvae of T. dubia, they were all endoparasitoids and koinobiont. Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is the dominant parasitoid and prefer to parasitic in the 3rd–5th instar larvae. The present study provides the basis for understanding the species composition and natural enemies of lepidopteran defoliators. It will be an effective tool for the integrated pest management programs of H. ammodendron forest.

Four specimens—one male and three females—mounted in Canada Balsam were sent from Rio Javary, South America. In this condition nothing can said about their colour, and very little about the nature of their hairy covering, except that all parts of the body are apparently hairy, as usual, and that the hairs that are left on the abdomen are very long and almost recumbent.

Adult female broadly oval, convex above. Body soft (not rigidly chitinous as in most LECANIINAE). Colour of examples preserved in alcohol, whitish to brownish ochreous; with two median longitudinal series of small depressed dark spots and transverse series of similar spots radiating from the median series to the margin. Photographs of the insect in alcohol (fig. 1) show the marginal area to be rather closely coated with white pulverulent secretion, with traces of a lamellate marginal fringe of waxy matter; in some examples there are irregular flecks of secretion on the dorsum.

It is highly regrettable that in the past whenever Cecidomyid or midge larvae have been found in ears of wheat the presumption has been that the species concerned was the wheat midge, and it was therefore recorded as Contarinia tritici (Kirby).

The ecological function played by the coprophagous insects is an important issue in livestock production contexts. The role of this fauna, specially dung beetles, provides benefits to both rangelands and production performance. This interaction has been studied and reported in many scientific articles, in very different places and with diverse production contexts. However, a comprehensive review of the relationship between coprophagous insects and livestock production is still lacking. We reviewed the research studies on this topic during the past five decades, with a focus in Scarabaeidae taxon and livestock production, in order to identify further research priorities. We analysed 435 research articles. The main results were: (I) studies were mostly located in temperate broadleaf forest biome, whereas arid environments were less studied; (II) Production practices impacts category was the most studied, for which the effects produced by antiparasitic products on the coprophagous insects (n = 93; 21% of total revised articles) was the topics with major number of articles. Followed was Biology category (n = 69; 16%), then in Ecosystem function category the most frequent studies were on dung removal (n = 40; 9%), whereas in the Ecosystem Services category the most frequent studies were on biological control (n = 28; 6%); (III) Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and United States were the countries with most research articles. We identified some knowledge gaps on relevant ecological functions of this fauna, in relation to benefits to livestock production. There is a need for future research on nutrient cycling, bioturbation, effects on primary production and vegetation diversity.