1. The effects on blood and faecal lipids of the addition of 15 g of either high- or low-methoxyl pectin to the habitual diets of ten healthy young adults have been studied.

2. Serum total cholesterol levels were reduced by a mean of 16% during consumption of low-methoxyl pectin and 18% during consumption of high-methoxyl pectin. High density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels were unchanged.

3. There was no difference in faecal fat and steroid excretion between the two pectins.

4. The results suggest that it is the gel-forming properties of the pectins which are important in the cholesterol-lowering effect rather than differences in bile acid bindingdue to different methoxyl contents.

1. Body-weight, body height, knee width, wrist width and skinfold measurements were made on males (n 139) and females (n 167) in three age-groups (20–22, 25–27 and 30–32 years). Percentage of body fal was calculated from skinfold thicknesses using regression equations according to Durnin & Womersley (1974), Three indices of relative weight were calculated: W/H2, W/Hp and W/Ŵ, where W is body-weight, H is body height, p is the exponent that made the index of relative weight independent of height and W is the weight, estimated from body height and frame size.

2. The standard error of the estimate of body-weight was only reduced by 5% in males and by 13% in females when, in addition to body height, knee width was taken into account.The addition of wrist width did not improve the accuracy of estimation of body-weight in either sex. Therefore in further analyses W was estimated from body height and knee width. In the present population the exponent p was 1·7 in males and 1·6 in females.

3. The correlations between the percentage of body fat and the indices, W/H2, W/HP, and W/Ŵ, were all very similar, being approximately 0·8 in both sexes.

4. A positive relationship was observed between percentage of body fat and knee width in females, which may be explained by an artifact of measurement.

5. In conclusion it can be stated that the accuracy of estimation of percentage of body fat was not improved when the index of relative weight was adjusted for knee width or wrist width in the present population. The W/H2was the most preferable of the three indices which were calculated.

1. Some modifications to the erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay for riboflavin status are described.

2. Cusum analysis of results collected on a quality-control (QC) haemolysate, analysedseparately at the beginning and end of each batch of samples over a period of 20 weeks, suggested that the activation coefficient (AC) was higher at the end of a batch than at the beginning.

3. The higher AC was due to higher FAD-stimulated enzyme activities of the QC samples measured at the end of the day, by comparison with the beginning, and this suggested that the conditions of assay were not optimal.

4. The conditions required to achieve maximal coupling of FAD to glutathione reductase(NAD(P)H2: glutathione oxidoreductase; EC 1.6.4.2) were therefore examined and found to be 15 min at 35° by comparison with the 5–7 min incubation used by most workers.

5. Alternatively, where samples are prepared in batches, the enzyme and FAD should be pre-incubated in the reaction mixture for 2 h at 4° or 1 h at 25° before the standard incubation of 5 min at 35°.

6. Additionally, the use of cummulative sum (cusum) analysis on the QC results suggested that there was a slight deterioration of QC sample after 4-weeks storage. However, theQC results obtained, remained within 2 standard deviations of initial results over a 20-week period, suggesting that the deterioration was very slight.

1. Studies on mineral absorption were carried out in ileostomy patients using the metabolic balance technique. The effect of wheat bran on the absorption of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron was studied. The extent of digestion of bran phytate in the stomach and small intestine was also investigated.

2. Eight patients with well established conventional ileostomies were studied during two periods while on a constant low-fibre diet. In the second period, 16 g wheat bran/d (American Association of Cereal Chemists) was added to the diet. The amount of phytate-P, non-phytate-P, Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe was determined in the ileostomy contents and in duplicate portions of the diet.

3. Of the added bran phytate-P 24–61% was recovered in the ileostomy contents. In the bran period a significantly decreased amount of Zn was absorbed, while the apparent absorption of Fe and phytate-P increased and that of non-phytate-P, Ca and Mg remained constant. Due to the mineral content of bran, the relative absorption differed in some respects from the absolute absorption, being decreased for Zn, Mg and phytate-P but unchanged for Ca, Fe and non-phytate-P.

4. It is concluded that phytate is partly digested in the stomach and small intestine or possibly absorbed. Addition of 16 g bran/d to the diet does not seem to impair the mineral absorption from the small intestine except that of Zn.

1. The proportions of lymphocyte subpopulations (by rosette tests) and the serum antibody levels (using haemagglutination techniques) were estimated in malnourished and well fed Nigerian children before and up to 21 d after immunization with tetanus toxoid or measles virus vaccine.

2. Significantly diminished (P < 0.01) mean percentage T lymphocyte levels and considerably higher mean percentage null cell levels were observed in the malnourished children before immunization with either of the vaccines.

3. There was comparable in vivo increases in percentage T lymphocytes in malnourished and control children following the administration of each antigen.

4. The mean percentage B lymphocyte levels were similar in the control and malnourished children before and after the immunization.

5. There was a slight depression in the tetanus antibody levels (P > 0.2) but a significant diminution (P < 0.01) in measles virus antibody concentrations in the malnourished children.

6. Rise in mean percentage T lymphocytes corresponded with the elevation in mean tetanus antibody levels in both malnourished and control children following tetanus toxoid immunization. This was however not the situation in the malnourished children following immunization with measles virus.

7. The observed depressed T lymphocyte number in malnourished children may in practice affect their handling of antigens such as measles virus in vivo.

1. The effect of heat treatment of bran on true zinc absorption was measured using an isotope-dilution technique. A bran-based breakfast cereal (heated to 204° for 40 min during manufacture) was incorporated into a semi-synthetic diet at a level of 180 g/kg, A parallel diet was formulated containing an identical weight of untreated bran from the same source plus other ingredients used to make the cereal.

2. Young male Wistar rats (mean weight 80 g) were injected intramuscularly with 65Zn to label body Zn. They were given the heat-treated- and untreated-bran diets for 9 d. During the last 6 d of this period Zn intakes and faecal and urinary Zn were measured in order to calculate apparent Zn retention. True Zn retention was measured by taking into account losses of Zn of endogenous origin (labelled with 65Zn), by measuring faecal and urinary 65Zn taking the mean specific radioactivity of Zn in kidneys and upper small intestine to represent specific radioactivity of endogenous origin.

3. Heat treatment of bran removed approximately one-third of the phytate, but this was not enough to improve Zn absorption from the diet. True Zn retention measured by isotope dilution was significantly higher (P < 0.02) than apparent Zn retention measured bv the conventional balance technique.

4. The hypothesis that a reduction in particle size of bran would improve mineral availability was tested by feeding coarse and milled bran (100 g/kg diet) in a semi-synthetic diet to rats and measuring true Fe and apparent Zn absorptions. The importance of phytate was also investigated by feedino a diet containing dephytinized bran.

5. Male Wistar rats (mean weight 172 g) were given diets containing coarse, milled or dephytinized bran for 9 d. Fe and Zn intakes were measured and faeces and urine collected for Fe and Zn analysis.

6. The mean (±SE) particle size of the bran was reduced on milling from 3.5 (± 1.8) to 0.2–0.5 mm. There were no differences in the fraction of Fe retained between the three groups. Particle size had a small effect on Zn retention which was marginally higher in rats on the milled-bran diet (0.126 (± 0.023)) than in those on the coarse-bran diet (0.087 (± 0.012)). Total removal of phytate had a greater effect and apparent Zn retention from the dephytinized-bran diet was significantly higher (0.182 (±0.027), P < 0.01).

1. Serum prolactin (PRL) levels, both basal and post-suckling peak, were estimated in fifty-seven lactating women.

2. Basal PRL levels were significantly higher in all lactating women irrespective of the duration of lactation as compared to the levels in non-pregnant, non-lactating women.

3. There was a significant positive correlation (r 0·69, P < 0·001) between the basal PRL levels and the post-suckling peak values.

4. After 8 months of lactation, peak post-suckling, PRL levels were not significantly different from basal values.

5. Basal PRL levels were significantly lower (P < 0·05) in mothers whose infants were being supplemented.

6. PRL levels were not related to the mother's nutritional status as determined by body-weight.

7. The findings suggest that high PRL levels during lactation prolong the duration of lactional amenorrhoea and hence the relative infertility.

1. Breast milk samples were collected from mothers living in areas having an average of 0.2 and 1.7 μg fluorine/ml in drinking water. The samples were analysed for their ionic and total F concentrations.

2. Ionic F was determined after microdiffusion by the fluoride-selective electrode. For total F determinations, milk samples were ashed with magnesium succinate fixative, after which the F concentration was determined as mentioned previously.

3. The median totals for F content of breast milk in the low- and high-F areas were 7.0 ng/ml (range 4.3–14.0 ng/ml, fifteen mothers) and 10.9 ng/ml (range 4.5–50.7 ng/ml, nine mothers). The median ionic F concentrations were 5.0 ng/ml (range 3.0–6.3 ng/ml, fifteen mothers) and 8.9 ng/ml (range < 2.0–39.9 ng/ml, nine mothers) respectively. Both the total F (0.01 > P > 0.001) and ionic F (0.05 > P > 0.01) in breast milk were significantly higher in the high-F area compared to the low-F area.

4. At the ages of 1, 2 and 3 months, the calculated average total daily F intakes of exclusively breast-fed infants were 4.8 and 7.3 μg; 5.0 and 7.8 μg; 5.4 and 8.5 μg in the low- and high-F areas respectively.

1. Conventional (CV) rats were given a single oral dose of 1 or 2 g maltitol. Urine and faeces were collected during the following 24 h and their contents of maltitol and sorbitol were measured.

2. Very little of either substance appeared in the faeces but appreciable amounts of sorbitol found in the urine indicated that the maltitol had been hydrolysed.

3. Excretion of maltitol and sorbitol was compared in germ-free and CV rats given an oral dose of 2 g maltitol. Significantly less of both substances was recovered in the faeces of CV rats, but urinary excretion was similar in both environments.

4. Maltitol injected intravenously gave rise to only traces of sorbitol in the excreta. A dose of 250 mg was cleared almost completely from the circulation within 1 h.

5. It is concluded that maltitol is hydrolysed by animal tissues, either in the gut lumen before absorption or in the gut wall during absorption. Maltitol and sorbitol are also degraded by gut bacteria, mostly in sites distal to the main absorptive area. The contribution to the host's nutrition would depend on the extent to which the end-products of fermentation are absorbed from the colon.

1. Rat pups were undernourished during the period of the brain growth-spurt by feeding their mothers a low-protein diet from the third day post partum.

2. The pups were killed on days 5,6,9,12,16,20 and 24 post partum, and their brains were analysed for protein, DNA, glycosides and glycoproteins. The activities of four enzymes involved in neurotransmission, and in the synthesis of glycolipids and myelin were also measured. Results of the analyses were compared with those obtained for pups that were suckled by well-nourished dams.

3. The brains of the undernourished pups contained substantially less protein and DNA; gangliosides and glycoproteins were also reduced.

4. All four enzymes showed lower peak activities in the nutritionally deprived animals, and the attainment of peak activity was retarded by several days.

5. These results suggest that undernutrition imposed during the brain growth-spurt leads to a deficit in the glial cell population and thus in the capacity to form myelin, and reduced deveiopment of cellular processes.

1. The activity of manganese-superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1; SOD) was increased in the livers and kidneys of adult rats after exposure to aqueous ethanol (200 ml/l) for 32 weeks.

2. The concentration of Mn in the livers and kidneys was significantly higher after 24 weeks, and by 32 weeks liver copper and zinc levels were lower.

3. The activity of foetal (day 19) liver superoxide dismutase was appreciably higher in offspring from dams receiving ethanol during pregnancy. Quantitatively the response appeared to be almost entirely due to the Mn-SOD form of the enzyme.

4. Maternal alcoholism during pregnancy had no effect on the levels of Cu, Mn or Zn in foetal (day 19) livers.

1. Newly weaned 21-d-old male rats were given isoenergetic diets containing 200, 100 and 50 g protein/kg for 7, 14, 28 or 70 d. The mid-jejunum was removed from the rats and a micrometric analysis of the mucosa was made. The following measurements were made: number of villi/mm2, vilius dimensions, villus surface area, crypt depth, crypt: villus, the number of cells/crypt in metaphase arrest per h.

2. Comparisons were made between animals of the same age but on different diets, and animals on the same diet but of different ages. The latter comparison gave information on the effect of protein deficiency on the pattern of maturation of each feature of The villus or crypt studied.

3. The effect of protein deficiency was not consistent at each stage of maturation. For instance villus height was decreased when compared with the controls following 28 d on a protein-deficient diet but not after 7 or 70 d.

4. The only measurement to be unaffected by protein deficiency was the number of villi per unit area.

5. In general the 50 g protein/kg diet had a more pronounced effect than the 100 g protein/kg diet. Protein deficiency delayed maturation by either slowing or inhibiting changes seen in normal maturation.

6. In rats given 50 g protein/kg diet, although the villus surface area did not increase as the rats matured there were increases in epithelial cell production rate and number of crypts per villus.

1. The results from two studies are reported of the effects on mental performance of omitting breakfast. The objective of the first study was to compare the performances of schoolchildren who habitually ate or did not eat breakfast. In the second study the effectsof omitting breakfast by those accustomed to eating the morning meal were investigated.

2. Mental performance was assessed by two short-term memory tests (a simple cancellation test in which paired letters were marked on a page of random letters) and a memory-search test in which tines containing a group of specified fetters were marked, a series of numerical additions, and an attention-demanding test (in which specified statements had to be verified).

3. Neither study revealed differences attributable to the omission or consumption of breakfast.

1. Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum cv. RvP) silage was given to twelve Friesian steer calves (initial live weight (LW) 106 kg) at 2·3 kg dry matter (DM)/calf per d, alone, or with a supplement of fish meal at 50(FM1) or 100(FM2) g/kg silage DM per d.

2. The rate of flow of nutrients into the duodenum was measured using a dual-marker technique. Glucose irreversible-loss rates and the contribution of propionate to gluconeogenesis were measured using continuous infusions of [U-14C]glucose and [2-14C]propionate.

3. Amino acid flow into the duodenum was significantly (P < 0·01) increased from 238 g/d on the control treatment to 319 g/d on FM2, but there was no response to FM1 (P > 0·05).

4. Glucose irreversible loss rate remained constant with an average value of 1·86 mg/min per kg LW.

5. Neither the percentage of glucose synthesized from propionate (average 30) nor the percentage of propionate converted to glucose (average 45) was significantly altered by treatment (P > 0·05).

1. The effect of variation in arginine: lysine on the relative cholesterolaemic effects of dietary soya-bean protein and casein was studied. Male rats received semi-purified diets containing soya-bean protein isolate or casein supplemented respectively with varingamounts of lysine or arginine for 40 d and blood samples were taken after a 5 h fast.

2. Neither the addition of arginine to casein nor lysine to soya-bean protein modifiedthe intrinsic effect of these proteins on serum cholesterol.

3. Serum triglyceride levels tended to rise with increasing amounts of lysine supplementation. The opposite trend was obtained with arginine supplementation.

4. Casein caused an increase in the concentration of serum insulin, but not glucagon. The glucagon level was increased proportionately with increasing amounts of arginine, while the addition of lysine showed no effect. The effects of added amino acids on serum insulin were inconclusive.

5. There was a parallel increase in serum apo E and glucagon in response to arginine supplementation, while lysine supplementation increased serum apo E.

6. Thus, arginine:lysine was more effective in regulating serum triglyceride than serum cholesterol. Insulin was associated with different effects of these proteins on serum lipids.

1. Dietary phenolic cinnamic acids are hydrogenated in the side-chain, demethylated and dehydroxylated in the rumen and are responsible for the large urinary output of benzoic acid by ruminants.

2. Decarboxylation of phenolic acids to simple phenols is another reaction of the intestinal microflora and experiments were made to determine the extent of this reaction in the rumen of sheep.

3. In five experiments phenolic compounds, quinic acid or casein were infused into therumen or abomasum of sheep and increments in urinary outputs of phenolic acids and phenols determined by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography.

4. Production of phenols was almost exclusively confined to reactions in the rumen.

5. Rumen administration of phenolic benzoic or phenylacetic acids which contained a 4-hydroxy substituent yielded large increments in urinary phenol outputs. Other phenolic benzoic and phenylacetic acids were not decarboxytated. Rumen decarboxylation of 4-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acid did not occur and decarboxylation of 4-hydroxycinnamic acids was slight.

6. Nearly half the tyrosine content of rumen-administered casein was excreted as p-cresol, a decarboxylation product of 4-hydroxyphenylaceticacid, p-Cresol was the principal phenol found in sheepurine.

7. Catechol and phenol were consistently found in sheep urine samples and p-ethylphenol, resorcinol, quinol, 4-methylcatechol, orcinoland pyrogallol were also found when suitable precursors were infused to the rumen.

8. It is concluded that p-cresol is a rumen metabolite of tyrosine. The other phenols found are microbial metabolites of phenolic precursorswhich are either widely distributed in plants such as 4-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic andvanillic acids or of more limited distribution such as the orcinol glycosides of some Ericaceous plants.

1. During a period of 2 years, every 2 months 126 different food items forming a 'market basket' were purchased, prepared and divided into twelve food commodity groups. The 'market basket' was based on a study of the dietary pattern of 16- to 18-year-old male adolescents. In the (homogenized) food groups various additives and components of nutritional importance were determined. From the concentrations of the additives and components in the food groups and the daily consumption of each food group, a mean daily intake of all components analysed was calculated.

2. The mean daily amounts of benzoic acid (34 mg), sorbic acid (6 mg), glutamic acid (66 mg) and sulphite (3 mg) were all far below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) value. Butylated hydroxytoluene and gallates were not detectabte, while bulylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was found in only a few instances; the maximum amount of BHA was also very iow (4 mg).

3. The mean daily intakes of fluorine (0.8 mg), iodine (0.21 mg), phosphorus (1860 mg) and α-tocopherol (9.4 mg) seem safe and adequate. Cholesterol intakes of 25% above the maximum of 300 mg/d, as advised by the Dutch Bureau for Nutriiion Education, were found. The mean fat intake appeared to be 40% of total daily energy, protein content 13% of total energy and total (available) carbohydrate 46% of total energy. The daily dietary fibre content (18 g) and the daily amount of linoleic + Iinolenic acid (6% of total energy) were considered too low. The daily level of sodium (4.2 g) was not considered too high.

4. It is recommended that the study should be repeated regularly, e.g. every few years, in order to monitor trends in the concentrations of significant food components in total diets.

1. Five monotocous and twoditocous Scottish Blackface ewes with indwelling catheters in an umbilical artery and vein of one foetus only and in both maternal jugular veins were used.

2. Experiments were conducted over a period of 2 d when [I4C]urea was infused intravenously over 9 h into either the mother or foetus, separate days being used for each infusion. Two series of experiments were completed, one in well-nourished and the other in undernourished sheep at 125–141) and 138–143 d of gestation respectively.

3. Plasma urea specific radioactivities of the mother and infused foetus at plateau were used to determine the urea flux-rates within and between mother and foetus. The mean rate of foetal urea production (Ffo) was 1.45 and 1.63 mg/min per kg foetus in well-nourished and undernourished ewes respectively. The corresponding rates of maternal urea production (Fmo) were 0.49 and 0.37 mg/min per kg live weight respectively and there was a close correlation between the rate of maternal urea disposal (Fom) and the dietary nitrogen intake.

4. The values of Ffo were used to calculate the maximum potential for foetal gluconeogenesis from deaminated amino acids. These calculations were compared with published information on the over-all rates of foetal gluconeo genesis in well-nourished ewes.

5. The foetal entry rate of urea expressed on a body-weight basis was high, approximately 8.5 times that of the mother, but it was a threefold overestimate of Ffo. The maternal entry rate was 1.3 times Fmo and the significance of this in relation to assessing differences in urea entry rates in pregnant and non-pregnant sheep is discussed.