Transit kinetics and survival rates of a bacterial species from yoghurt (i.e. Streptococcus thermophilus strain FBI3) were examined in different digestive compartments of gnotoxenic and human-microbiota-associated mice. The production of the lactose-hydrolysing enzyme (i.e. β-galactosidase) was also investigated within the digestive tract, using a chromosomal reporter system based on luciferase genes from Photorhabdus luminescens under the control of the plac promoter. In both mice models, S. thermophilus cells transited within 2h from the stomach to the caecum–colon compartment of the digestive tract where they displayed a survival rate of nearly 100%. In gnotoxenic mice, luciferase activity was found to increase in the second half of the small intestine and in the caecum–colon compartment when lactose was added to the drinking water provided to the animals. In human-microbiota-associated mice drinking lactose, luciferase activity was similarly increased in the second half of the small intestine but was drastically reduced in the caecum–colon compartment. This feature could be ascribed to the presence of the resident human microbiota.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of Toona sinensis Roemor extracts on antioxidative activities, brain morphological changes and cognitive ability. In an in vitro study, the antioxidant capacities of water extracts from Toona sinensis Roemor leaf (TSL), root (TSR) and bark (TSB) were evaluated by an α,α-diphenyl-β-pricryl-hydrazyl radical-scavenging test. The results showed that the scavenging activities of all Toona sinensis Roemor extracts were over 80% at a concentration of 0·625mg/ml. In an in vivo study, 3-month-old male senescence-accelerated-prone 8 mice were used as the tested subjects and fed four different diets: casein diet or casein diet supplemented with 1% TSL, TSR or TSB extract for 12 weeks. The results showed that the mice supplemented with Toona sinensis Roemor extracts demonstrated significantly less amyloid β-protein deposition and lower levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances than the control group. All Toona sinensis Roemor diet groups also showed better active shuttle avoidance responses, and higher superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, than the control group. It can thus be concluded that supplementation with either TSL, TSR or TSB extract could not only reduce the incidence of ß-amyloid plaques, but also improve learning and memory ability in senescence-accelerated-prone 8 mice. This might be due to the beneficial effects of Toona sinensis Roemor extracts on promoting the antioxidative defence system.

Weight-loss maintenance after following an energy-restricted diet is a major problem that a number of studies are trying to characterise. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of IL-6 -174G > C and PPAR-γ2 Pro12Ala variants on weight regulation in obese subjects receiving a low-energy diet and at 1 year after the acute slimming period. Sixty-seven volunteers (age 34·7 (sd 7·0) years; BMI 35·8 (sd 4·8) kg/m2) were enrolled in a 10-week dietary intervention and were contacted again 1 year after the end of this period. Body composition was measured at three times during the study. Also, PPAR-γ2 Pro12Ala and IL-6 -174G > C polymorphisms were analysed in the participants. No statistical differences were observed depending on the genetic variants at baseline for anthropometric variables, or after the intervention. However, the C allele of the -174G > C IL-6 gene polymorphism was more frequently observed (P=0·032) in subjects with successful weight maintenance (<10 % weight regain). In fact, the C allele partially protected against weight regain (odds ratio 0·24; P=0·049), while the conjoint presence of both gene variants (C+ and Ala+) further improved the ability for weight maintenance (odds ratio 0·19; P=0·043). The present study demonstrates that the C allele of the -174G > C polymorphism gives protection against regain of weight lost. Moreover, the presence of the Ala allele of the PPARγ-2 together with the C allele strengthens this protection. These findings support a role for these polymorphisms on weight regulation and suggest a synergetic effect of both variants on weight maintenance after following a diet to lose weight.

Infant birth weight has increased recently, representing an obstetric and potentially a public health problem since high birth weight involves a risk of obesity later in life. Maternal nutritional status is important for fetal growth and therefore relationships between maternal body weight and composition v. birth weight and infant subcutaneous adipose tissue were investigated in twenty-three healthy women and their newborn infants using multiple and simple linear regression analysis. Furthermore, using previously published data for nineteen infants, it was demonstrated that an anthropometric method could provide useful estimates of the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Birth weight was correlated with the maternal content of total body fat (TBF) both before pregnancy and in gestational week 32 and, together with gestational age at birth, TBF (%) before pregnancy explained 45% of the variation in birth weight. This figure was not increased when gestational gains in weight or TBF were added to the model. Furthermore, in infants, birth weight correlated with the amount of their subcutaneous adipose tissue. Together maternal TBF (%) and amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue in infants explained 61–63% of the variation in birth weight while the amount of infant subcutaneous adipose tissue alone explained only 55%. The maternal TBF content is likely to be important for the recent increase in birth weight. This factor probably causes a general augmentation in fetal growth rather than a specific stimulation of adipose tissue growth.

The objectives of the present study were to develop and cross-validate new equations for predicting resting energy expenditure (REE) in severely obese children and adolescents, and to determine the accuracy of new equations using the Bland–Altman method. The subjects of the study were 574 obese Caucasian children and adolescents (mean BMI z-score 3·3). REE was determined by indirect calorimetry and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Equations were derived by stepwise multiple regression analysis using a calibration cohort of 287 subjects and the equations were cross-validated in the remaining 287 subjects. Two new specific equations based on anthropometric parameters were generated as follows: (1) REE=(Sex×892·68)−(Age×115·93)+(Weight×54·96)+(Stature×1816·23)+1484·50 (R2 0·66; se 1028·97 kJ); (2) REE=(Sex×909·12)−(Age×107·48)+(fat-free mass×68·39)+(fat mass×55·19)+3631·23 (R2 0·66; se 1034·28 kJ). In the cross-validation group, mean predicted REE values were not significantly different from the mean measured REE for all children and adolescents, as well as for boys and for girls (difference <2 %) and the limits of agreement (±2 sd) were +2·06 and −1·77 MJ/d (NS). The new prediction equations allow an accurate estimation of REE in groups of severely obese children and adolescents. These equations might be useful for health care professionals and researchers when estimating REE in severely obese children and adolescents.

The hypothesis was tested that the additional dietary uptake of n-3 fatty acids, in particular of DHA and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF), during the second half of pregnancy would influence proliferation and apoptosis in the full-term human placenta. The diets of pregnant women from Spain (n 55) were supplemented with modified fish oil and/or 5-MTHF or placebo, and assigned in a random, double-blind manner to one of the four groups. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were used to detect placental proliferation and apoptosis with monoclonal antibodies for key proteins that reflected the extent of both processes: proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53, cytokeratin 18 neoepitope. The PCNA level in the fish oil/5-MTHF-treated group was higher by 66% (P<0·05) than that of the placebo group, whereas the levels of p53 and cytokeratin 18 neoepitope were unaffected by treatment. PCNA expression was altered only in the trophoblast compartment (placebo 11·1 (se 0·5) % V. combination 21·5 (se 1·2) % P<0·05), whereas the proportion of nuclei stained in endothelial and other stromal cells was similar in the placebo and combined treatment groups. No correlation was found between fish oil or 5-MTHF supplementation and the levels of the proteins. The present data suggest that supplementation with fish oil and/or 5-MTHF had no effect on the parameters reflecting placental proliferation and apoptosis. A defined combination of DHA and 5-MTHF may, however, affect placental proliferation.

Estimation of dietary intake of polyphenols is difficult, due to limited availability of food composition data and bias inherent to dietary assessment methods. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the associations between the intake of polyphenol-rich foods and the urinary excretion of several phenolic compounds and therefore explore whether these phenolic compounds could be used as a biomarker of intake. Fifty-three participants of the SU.VI.MAX study (a randomised primary-prevention trial evaluating the effect of daily antioxidant supplementation on chronic diseases) collected a 24h urine and a spot urine sample and filled a dietary record during a 2d period. Thirteen polyphenols and metabolites, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, m-coumaric acid, gallic acid, 4-o-methylgallic acid, quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, hesperetin, naringenin, phloretin, enterolactone and enterodiol, were measured using HPLC–electrospray ionisation–MS–MS. In spot samples apple consumption was positively correlated to phloretin, grapefruit consumption to naringenin, orange to hesperetin, citrus fruit consumption to both naringenin and hesperetin, with r coefficients ranging from 0·31 to 0·57 (p<0·05). The combination of fruits and/or fruit juices was positively correlated to gallic acid and 4-o-methylgallic acid, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, hesperetin, naringenin and phloretin (r 0·24–0·44, p<0·05). Coffee consumption was positively correlated to caffeic and chlorogenic acids (r 0·29 and 0·63, p<0·05 respectively). Black tea and wine consumption were positively correlated with gallic and 4-o-methylgallic acids (r 0·37–0·54, p<0·001). The present results suggest that several polyphenols measured in a spot urine sample can be used as biomarkers of polyphenol-rich food intake.

The workshop was organised to discuss the validity and limitations of existing functional markers of Se status in human subjects and to identify future research priorities in this area. Studies presented as part of this workshop investigated: the bioavailability of Se from different dietary sources; potential functional markers of Se status; individual variation in response to Se; the effect of marginal Se status on immune function. The workshop highlighted the need to define the relationship between functional markers of Se status and health outcomes.

The UK Food Standards Agency convened a group of expert scientists to review current research investigating factors affecting iron status and the bioavailability of dietary iron. Results presented at the workshop show menstrual blood loss to be the major determinant of body iron stores in premenopausal women. In the presence of abundant and varied food supplies, the health consequences of lower iron bioavailability are unclear and require further investigation.