Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T02:20:47.619Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Estimation of plant sterol and cholesterol intake in Finland: quality of new values and their effect on intake

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

L. M. Valsta ,
A. Lemström ,
M.-L. Ovaskainen ,
A.-M. Lampi ,
J. Toivo ,
T. Korhonen  and
V. Piironen
L. M. Valsta*
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Nutrition Unit, The National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
A. Lemström
Affiliation:
The Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology at the University of Helsinki, P. O. B. 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
M.-L. Ovaskainen
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Nutrition Unit, The National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland
A.-M. Lampi
Affiliation:
The Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology at the University of Helsinki, P. O. B. 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
J. Toivo
Affiliation:
The Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology at the University of Helsinki, P. O. B. 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
T. Korhonen
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Nutrition Unit, The National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland The Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology at the University of Helsinki, P. O. B. 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
V. Piironen
Affiliation:
The Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology at the University of Helsinki, P. O. B. 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Liisa Valsta, fax +358 9 47 44 85 91, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The Finnish national food composition database Fineli® was updated with recent analytical values for plant sterols (PS) (sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, avenasterol, brassicasterols and stanols) and cholesterol. The quality of the new analytical data was assessed. The aims of the present study were: (1) to compare the effect of old and new database values on PS and cholesterol intakes based on average per capita food consumption data; (2) to estimate the current intake and major sources of these compounds in various population groups according to the national FINDIET 1997 survey data. The intake of total PS was 305 mg/d for men and 237 mg/d for women. The respective intakes for cholesterol were 284 mg/d and 201 mg/d. Women had a higher density of PS in their diets than men, whereas the cholesterol density in the diets did not differ between genders. Cereals, margarine, vegetables and vegetable oils were the main food sources of PS. Meat, meat products and eggs were the main sources of cholesterol. A 9 % greater PS intake estimate was obtained with the new PS database compared with the old PS database, probably due to minor methodological differences between the new and old analyses. Notable changes in analytical methods suggest a lower value (−19 %) for cholesterol intake calculated from the new database compared with the old one. We conclude that researchers can have confidence in the new values for PS and cholesterol, because systematic evaluation of the new analytical values showed them to be of high quality.

Keywords

CholesterolPlant sterolsFood composition databaseDietary intake
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 92 , Issue 4 , October 2004 , pp. 671 - 678
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2004

References

Anonymous (1997) Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: World Cancer Research Fund.Google Scholar
Awad, AB & Fink, CA (2000) Phytosterols as anticancer dietary components: evidence and mechanism of action. J Nutr 130, 2127–2130CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, RJ, Ruppert, D & Stefanski, LA (1995) Measurement Error in Nonlinear Models. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability 63 London Chapman & HallCrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Vries, J, Jansen, A, Kromhout, D, Bovenkamp, P, Staveren, W, Mensik, R & Katan, M (1997) The fatty acid and sterol content of food composites of middle-aged men in seven countries. J Food Compost Anal 10, 115–141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenton, M (1992) Chromatographic separation of cholesterol in foods. J Chromatogr 30, 369–388CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FINDIET Study Group (1998) The 1997 Dietary Survey of Finnish Adults. Helsinki Finnish National Public Health InstituteGoogle Scholar
Greenfield, H & Southgate, DAT (1992) Food Composition Data. Production Management and Use 147 – 161 Great Yarmouth, Norfolk Elsevier Science Publishers LtdCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gylling, H, Puska, P, Vartiainen, E & Miettinen, TA (1999) Serum sterols during stanol ester feeding in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. J Lipid Res 40, 593–600CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinonen, M, Valsta, L, Anttolainen, M, Ovaskainen, M-L, Hyvönen, L & Mutanen, M (1997) Comparisons between analysed and calculated food composition data: carotenoids, retinoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, fat, fatty acids and sterols. J Food Compost Anal 10, 3–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermann-Kunz, E & Thamm, M (1999) Dietary recommendations and prevailing food and nutrient intakes in Germany. Br J Nutr 81, Suppl.S61–S69CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulshof, K, Beemster, C, Westenbrink, S, Löwik, M (1996) Reduction in fat intake in the Netherlands: the influence of food composition data. Food Chem 57, 67–70CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Information Centre, of the, Ministry of, Agriculture and Forestry (2000) Balance Sheet for Food Commodities 1998 and 1999 (preliminary). Helsinki: The Ministry of Agriculture and ForestryGoogle Scholar
Kesäniemi, YA, Ehnholm, C & Miettinen, TA (1987) Intestinal cholesterol absorption efficiency in man is related to apoprotein E phenotype. J Clin Invest 80, 578–581CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNamara, D (2000) Dietary cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1529, 310–320CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mangels, AR & Holden, JM (1993) Carotenoid content of fruits and vegetables: an evaluation of analytic data. J Am Diet Assoc 93, 284–296CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miettinen, T & Gylling, H (1999) Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by dietary plant sterols. Curr Opin Lipidol 10, 9–14CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moghadasian, M (1999) Effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis: clinical and experimental evidence. Am J Med 107, 588–594CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreau, RA, Whitaker, BD & Hicks, KB (2002) Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: structural diversity, quantitatative analysis, and health-promoting uses. Prog Lipid Res 41, 457–500CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morton, GM, Lee, SM, Buss, DH & Lawrance, P (1995) Intakes and major dietary sources of cholesterol and phytosterols in the British diet. J Hum Nutr Diet 8, 429–440CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moschandreas, J & Kafatos, A (1999) Food and nutrient intakes of Greek (Cretan) adults. Recent data for food-based dietary guidelines in Greece. Br J Nutr 81, Suppl.. S71–S76CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nair, PP, Turjman, N, Kessie, G, Calkins, B, Goodman, GT, Davidovitz, H & Nimmagadda, G (1984) Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer. Dietary cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol. Am J Clin Nutr 40, 927–930CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Normén, L, Brants, HAM, Voorrips, LE, Andersson, PA, van den Brandt, PA, Goldbohm, RA (2001) Plant sterol intakes and colorectal cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 74, 141–148CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Normén, L, Johnsson, M, Andersson, H, van Gameren, Y & Dutta, P (1999) Plant sterols in vegetables commonly consumed in Sweden. Eur J Nutr 38, 84–89Google ScholarPubMed
Ovaskainen, M-L, Valsta, L & Luronen, J (1996) The compilation of food analysis values as a database for dietary studies: the Finnish experience. Food Chem 57, 133–136CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelletier, X, Belbraouet, S, Mirabel, D, Mordret, F, Perrin, JL, Pages, X & Derby, G (1995) A diet moderately enriched in phytosterols lowers plasma cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolemic humans. Ann Nutr Metab 39, 291–295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perloff, B, Jaspreet, K & Ahuja, C (1998) Development and maintenance of nutrient data bases for national dietary surveys. Public Health Rev 26, 43–47Google Scholar
Piironen, V, Lindsay, D, Miettinen, T, Toivo, J, Lampi, A-M (2000 a) Plant sterols: biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition. J Sci Food Agric 80, 939–9663.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piironen, V, Toivo, J, Lampi, A-M (2000 b) Natural sources of dietary plant sterols. J Food Compost Anal 13, 619–624CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piironen, V, Toivo, J, Lampi, A-M (2002 a) New data for cholesterol contents in meat, fish, milk, eggs and their products consumed in Finland. J Food Compost Anal 15, 705–713CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piironen, V, Toivo, J, Lampi, A-M (2002 b) Plant sterols in cereals and cereal products. Cereal Chem 79, 148–154CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piironen, V, Toivo, J, Puupponen-Pimiä, R, Lampi, A-M (2003) Plant sterols in vegetables, fruits and berries. J Sci Food Agric 83, 330–337CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roos, E, Prättälä, R, Lahelma, E, Kleemola, P & Pietinen, P (1996) Modern and healthy? Socioeconomic differences in the quality of diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 50, 753–760Google ScholarPubMed
Salminen, R (1997) Kasvisterolit sekä kolesteroli ravintorasvoissa (The cholesterol and plant sterol content of edible fats and oils). MSc Thesis, University of Helsinki.Google Scholar
Schothorst, RC & Jekel, AA (1999) Oral sterol intake in the Netherlands: evaluation of the results obtained by GC analyses of duplicate 24-h diet samples collected in 1994. Food Chem 64, 561–566CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott Beyer, R, Jensen, LS (1989) Overestimation of the cholesterol content of eggs. J Agric Food Chem 37, 917–920CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tammi, A, Ronnemaa, T, Valsta, L, Seppänen, R, Rask-Nissila, L, Miettinen, TA, Gylling, H, Viikari, J, Anttolainen, M & Simell, O (2001) Dietary plant sterols alter the serum plant sterol concentration but not the cholesterol precursor sterol concentrations in young children (the STRIP Study) Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project. J Nutr 131, 1942–1945CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toivo, J, Lampi, A-M, Aalto, S & Piironen, V (2000) Factors affecting sample preparation in the gas chromatographic determination of plant sterols in whole wheat flour. Food Chem 68, 239–245CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toivo, J, Phillips, K, Lampi, A-M & Piironen, V (2001) Determination of sterols in foods: Recovery of free esterified and glycosidic sterols. J Food Compost Anal 14, 631–643CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toivo, J, Piironen, V, Kalo, P & Varo, P (1998) Gas chromatographic determination of major sterols in edible oils and fats using solid-phase extraction in sample preparation. Chromatography 48, 745–750CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Unwin, I (2000) Eurofoods guidelines for recipe information management. J Food Compost Anal 13, 745–754CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valsta, L, Tapanainen, H, Männistö, S, Lahti-Koski, M & Pietinen, P (2000) Differences in food consumption and nutritional quality of diet in Finland by gender, age and education. Scand J Nutr 44 Suppl. 37S124Google Scholar