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Dietary diversification/modification strategies to enhance micronutrient content and bioavailability of diets in developing countries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

Rosalind S. Gibson  and
Christine Hotz
Rosalind S. Gibson*
Affiliation:
Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Christine Hotz
Affiliation:
Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Rosalind S. Gibson, fax +64 3 479 7958, email [email protected]
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Abstract

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Both cereal staples and household diets can be manipulated to enhance the content of micronutrients and/or alter the levels of absorption modifiers to improve micronutrient bioavailability. Strategies described range from plant breeding, use of fertilizers and genetic engineering to changes in food preparation and processing methods at the household level involving soaking, fermentation and germination. The impact of five household strategies designed to enhance the content and bioavailability of iron, zinc and calcium in a representative daily menu for rural Malawian preschool children has been calculated using food composition data. In the five strategies, relishes based on small dried fish replaced plant-based relishes, maize-based porridges prepared with maize flour soaked to reduce its hexa (IP-6)- and penta (IP-5)-inositol phosphate content replaced conventional porridges; and a pumpkin-leaf relish replaced sweet potato to increase the retinol content of the daily menu. Comparison of the calculated energy, nutrient, and phytate content, and [phytate]:[zinc] molar ratios of the five modified menus compared with the unmodified menu emphasizes that to ensure that the estimated requirements for iron and zinc are met, the optimal strategy includes dried fish relish twice daily together with porridges prepared using soaked (or fermented) maize flour to reduce their hexa- and penta-inositol phosphate content. Implementation of these household strategies has the potential to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc in rural Malawian diets from low to high.

Keywords

Dietary strategiesMicronutrient contentBioavailabilityDeveloping countriesPlant-based staples
Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 85 , Issue S2 , May 2001 , pp. S159 - S166
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2001

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