Market position and its evolution were analysed in nine key fish and cephalopod species subject to long-term changes, using the Bay of Biscay fisheries as a case study. Although such long term changes have already been documented, and in some cases shown to be related to the impacts of fishing, changes in the physical environment, or both, relatively little work has been devoted to their potential consequences in economic terms. The nature and extent of these consequences was determined in the present study by looking at the composition of the affected fish production, and the status of different fish products on the markets. We propose a methodology to characterize market position for this set of nine species. The selected species represent a significant part of the gross turnover of French fishing fleets operating in the bay. These species were characterized in terms of their potential sensitivity to fishing and changes in environmental conditions due to global warming. We separated species potentially positively (Engraulis encrasicolus and Lophius budegassa) and negatively affected (Pollachius pollachius and Lophius piscatorius) by warming. Evolution of the value of production of the nine species was then depicted using analysis of macro-economic index (production and potential consumption) and price indices. This revealed the relatively high sensitivity of domestic production to the market crisis that occurred in France in the early 1990s, compared to imported and exported products. The relative position of individual species, with respect to the market and its evolution between 1990 and 2005, was analyzed by multi-factorial analysis. Results derived from the analysis clearly distinguish two groups of species, the first characterized by higher prices (monkfish, Nephrops, sole, seabass) and the second by larger volumes available on the French market (pollack, hake, anchovy, sardine, cuttlefish). We conclude that a major part (69 to 87%) of the gross turnover associated with catches of these fish species in the Bay of Biscay remains potentially unaffected by long-term changes related to climate.

Anchovy and common sardine co-occur in the same reproductive and feeding habitat off central southern Chile (33°00'–41°20'S), and have a similar reproductive strategy. Egg-survey data from one survey carried out during the austral winter in 2005 were used to analyze the spawning spatial structure of anchovy (Engraulis ringens) and common sardine (Strangomera bentincki) through geostatistical techniques and generalized additive models. The spawning spatial structure of both species was characterized by a spatial autocorrelation intensity varying similarly with distance in all directions, ranging between 27.2 and 32.6 km for anchovy and common sardine, respectively. In average, egg density of anchovy was higher than egg density of common sardine, with the bulk of the spawning for both species located in the southern sector of the study area (38°S–40°S). In this sector, both species showed an overlapped distribution, and egg densities were mainly associated to shallow and coastal zones, suggesting that coastal shape and bottom depth are important factors for the spawning of both species. In the south sector, the egg density of both species was positively correlated, indicating that spatial structure of the spawning is not explained by a different strategy of space occupation among anchovy and common sardine.

This paper examines the fishing of blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) around Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) in Martinique (French West Indies). It is based on the compared analysis of catches from monthly experimental fishing surveys and sampling of commercial landings. The data collected in these two different ways allowed comparison of blackfin tuna length frequencies. A large part of the commercial landings were made up of young immature tuna with a fork length of less than 40 cm, whereas the experimental longline catches were mainly made up of fish with a fork length ranging between 55 and 75 cm. We give evidence that these discrepancies were mostly due to the fishing technique used. Indeed, contrarily to the experimental surveys, Martinican fishermen only fish during daytime and usually on the surface by trolling. This way, fishermen do not have access to the largest fish, which are found deeper. Our results suggested that a new fishing technique such as vertical longlining, could improve commercial catches of big blackfin tuna under FADs.

ALADYM (age-length based dynamic model) is an age-length based simulation model designed to predict the consequences of management scenarios on a single population, in terms of different metrics and indicators. Removals are simulated as total mortality modulated using a selectivity pattern and a fishing activity coefficient. ALADYM uses the classical equations of population dynamics to create a tool that uses fishery-independent information (e.g. from trawl surveys) as the primary source. The formulation of population dynamics at a small time scale (month) allows to model the effects of harvest controls that evolve through the year, which is particularly useful for fast growing species. The possibility of specifying a vector of natural mortality by age/length makes the model more suitable for situations where stocks are exploited at an early life stage, as in many Mediterranean fisheries, while introducing variations along the time of the harvesting pattern accounts for non-equilibrium situations. Stochastic effects can be added to some key life-history traits to incorporate uncertainty in input parameters and in their relationships. ALADYM can be used for a range of applications such as comparing management strategies, evaluating indicator changes or searching for reference points.

GAMEFISTO simulation model is presented as a tool to improve the small scale fisheries bioeconomic simulation techniques. The main novelty of the current model is the implementation of game theoretic techniques for forecasting the fishing effort trends and consequently, the fish population levels and the economic outcome, including landings, income and net profits. The model assigns individual fishing strategies to individual vessels according to their technical characteristics. The fishermen within a fishing fleet exploiting a single stock are assumed to be the decision agents, who share not only a fish population (modelled through stock externality) but also a market, through an offer-demand function (market externality). Mediterranean fisheries need to be analysed at vessel level due to the heterogeneity of its fishing fleets. A ten year simulation on red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus, is presented as an application of the presented GAMEFISTO model.

La gestion de la reproduction du saumon atlantique nécessite généralement un transfert des géniteurs en eau douce avant la phase finale de la maturation sexuelle pour obtenir des gamètes de bonne qualité. Afin d'analyser l'impact de l'environnement marin, des géniteurs de saumon atlantique âgés de 2 ans (2+) ont été, soit maintenus en mer en cage (EM) jusqu'à la période de reproduction, soit transférés en eau douce (ED), en juin (EDP) ou en octobre (EDT). Les dates d'entrée en spermiation et d'ovulations ont été notées grâce à des observations hebdomadaires. La qualité des gamètes a été évaluée par le taux d'embryonnement au stade œillé après insémination de lots de 200 œufs par du sperme dilué à 10−3 avec du DIA 532®. Les femelles EDP et EDT ont ovulé entre novembre et décembre alors que les femelles EM présentaient un retard et un étalement des ovulations : 67 % des femelles EM avaient ovulé à la fin de l'expérience en avril. La fécondité relative des femelles EDP était significativement plus basse que celle des femelles maintenues en mer au moins jusqu'à l'automne. En dépit des cinétiques d'ovulation et des osmolantés des liquides coelomiques plus élevées, les œufs de femelles EM présentaient une qualité similaire à ceux des femelles ED lorsqu'ils sont utilisés moins d'une semaine après l'ovulation.

Les mâles ED et EM présentent des courbes similaires d'entrée en spermiation. Les spermes des mâles EM présentaient une qualité hétérogène et en moyenne médiocre. L'osmolarité des plasmas séminaux des mâles EM était significativement plus élevée (347 ± 13 mOsmol/l pour EM contre 265 ± 23 mOsmol/l pour ED). Les spermes EM de mauvaise qualité donnaient des résultats médiocres quelle que soit l'osmolarité des dilueurs d'insémination utilisés et comprises entre 150 et 450 mOsmol/l. De plus, aucune relation n'a été mise en évidence entre l'osmolarité individuelle des plasmas séminaux et la mauvaise qualité des spermes. D'un point de vue appliqué, l'osmolarité du plasma séminal ne peut être retenue comme critère qualitatif et le vieillissement des ovules après ovulation dans la cavité abdominale doit être strictement évité pour les femelles EM.

The capacity to bioaccumulate trace metals present in San Jorge Bay, Antofagasta, Chile,was determined in northern scallop, Argopecten purpuratus, to examine thevalue of this important commercially species as a bioindicator of heavy metal pollution inareas where it is cultured. Scallops were sampled in summer 2009 in four sites: threenatural populations (Coloso, Historic District and La Rinconada, marine reserve), and acommercial hatchery (Colorado). The concentrations of three heavy metals (copper, cadmiumand lead) were then determined through stripping chronopotentiometric methods, and thelevels of four biomarkers: three genes implicated in the stress and oxidative metabolism,i.e., glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione s-transferase (GST) and heat shock protein70 (HSP70), and a protein marker in the digestive gland and gill, a metallothionein (MT).The Historic District, located in the downtown area of the city, showed the highest metalconcentration of all the sampled sites, as well as the highest levels of the fourbiomarkers. This can be largely attributed to the nearby international port area of thetown and high sea traffic flow, exacerbated by the prevailing winds.

The effects of dietary protein level and water salinity on growth rates, feed utilization and body composition of mullet Liza ramada (synonymous of Mugil capito Cuvier, 1829) fry were investigated. Four isocaloric (18.8 kJ GE/g) diets containing 25, 30, 35 and 40% protein levels were prepared. Each diet was fed to duplicate groups of L. ramada fry (0.13 g mean weight and 24.6 mm mean length) reared at 4 different salinities (0, 12, 24 and 36‰) to satiation, twice a day for 70 days. The fish which were reared at 0 salinity exhibited poor growth and feed conversion concomitant with high mortality rates. At salinities in the range of 12–24‰, the best growth and feed conversion were achieved at 40 and 35%, dietary protein levels, respectively. At full-strength sea water (36‰), optimum fish performance was achieved at 30% dietary protein. At all salinities, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein production value (PPV) were negatively correlated with dietary protein level. With the exception of body ash, carcass composition Was significantly affected by dictary treatments. At all salinity levels, body water and protein were positively correlated to dietary protein, while carcass lipid showed a negative correlation. Body ash was higher in the fresh water groups than in those reared in brackish and sea water.

The design and evaluation of survey-based management strategies is addressed in this article, using three case-study fisheries: North Sea herring, Bay of Biscay anchovy and North Sea cod, with a brief history and the main management issues with each fishery outlined. A range of operational management procedures for the case study stocks were designed and evaluated using trends that may be derived from survey indices (spawner biomass, year-class strength and total mortality) with an array of simple and more structured observation error regimes simulated. Model-free and model-based indicators of stock status were employed in the management procedures. On the basis of stochastic stock-specific simulations, we identified the following key determinants of successful management procedures: (i) adequate specification of the stock-recruit relationship (model structure, parameter estimates and variability), (ii) knowledge of the magnitude and structure of the variation in the survey indices, and (iii) explication of the particular management objectives, when assessing management performance. More conservative harvesting strategies are required to meet specified targets in the presence of increasing stochasticity, due to both process and observation error. It was seen that survey-based operational management procedures can perform well in the absence of commercial data, and can also inform aspects of survey design with respect to acceptable levels of error or bias in the surveys.

Geostatistical conditional simulations are used to get a family of non-smoothed three-dimensional (3D) images of the St. Lawrence krill aggregation from echointegration data at 38 and 120 kHz on a systematic grid of transects. These maps respect the inherent patchiness of krill. Their ensemble gives an histogram of the krill density estimates at any point of the 3D grid, not only the mean density as in kriging. The spatially consistent simulations are conditional to match the observations and their histogram and variogram. The 3D problem is by-passed by transposing to a short series of 2D ones, which simplifies the modelling of the autocorrelation function and has the additional advantage of reducing by a factor of 5 the number of points to simulate. The spatially structured krill density profile is summarised by the first few factors of a principal component analysis, where the variables are the volume backscattering strength at 120 kHz for the integrated vertical bins along the profiles and the observations are the different profiles. The principal component scores are simulated over a 2D-grid and then used to reconstruct the full 3D-image. The method adequately reproduces the histogram, variogram and mean profile of krill density, and cross-validations replicate the observations. It is as precise as an alternative kriging approach to estimate the mean density, but has the additional advantages of requiring less computing time for our particular application. These conditional simulations enable estimating the probability density function of the krill density at any point, an essential information for predator-prey interactions and other ecosystem studies.

Two sites in North Wales, UK, were compared for growth, survival, immunocompetence and gonad development of Crassostrea gigas. Juvenile C. gigas spat were purchased as a cohort and placed in bags on trestles at the Menai Strait (MS, two heights on the shore) and the Inland Sea (IS) in the summer of 2003. Performance was examined as a function of several environmental parameters; temperature, coloured dissolved organic material absorption coefficient (cDOM), organic and inorganic nutrient levels, chlorophyll a and phytoplankton community composition.Both sites produced variations in growth, as assessed by dry weight indices and condition index, which were found to be lower at IS, where the animals were permanently immersed, than at MS, where they were emersed for at least 1 h/tide (at the low shore height) and 4 h/tide (at the high shore height) during spring tides. Condition index was also significantly higher at MS high shore than at MS low shore. Mortality was low at all sites, though an increase at IS at the end of the trial led to a significantly greater final percentage mortality of 15.6%. Gonad development was limited, particularly at IS where most animals remained undifferentiated. Gonad development was significantly higher at MS high shore than at MS low shore. cDOM, organic and inorganic nutrients were similar at the two areas. At IS the temperature and chlorophyll a levels were higher than MS. The phytoplankton communities were significantly different, with a bloom of Prorocentrum micans dominating at the Inland Sea for much of the experimental period. Differences in the hydrodynamics, as well as Phytoplankton community appeared to be the only parameters that might cause a lower growth rate in the Inland Sea. The possibilities of P. micans having a sub-lethal effect on C. gigas are discussed.

Large numbers of female broodstock (Clarias macrocephalus) are required cach year to produce hybrid catfish which retain the materna1 meat quality of Thai walking catfish and the paternal fast growing and disease resistant traits of the African catfish (C1arias gariepinus). Therefore, diploid meiotic gynogens were induced in Thai walking catfish and their potential use for aquaculture was evaluated. Induction was performed using UV-irradiated sperm of stripped catfish (Pangasius sutchi) followed by either cold or heat shock at 4.5 min after activation. Heat shock at 42 °C for 1 min was the best among various heat shock regimes. Cold shock (7 °C for 14 min) gave significantly higher percentages of meiotic diploid fry (26-41%) than the heat shock (12-26%). Six-month-old meiotic gynogens were all female and showed slightly inferior growth to male and femalc controls. The six-month-old control-males and females and the gynogens were not different in size. Survival of the gynogens (73 ± 8 %) was slightly inferior to the mixed sex control (87 ± 10 %). Gonado-somatic index of gynogens at 1 year of age (5.7%) was slightly inferior to that of the control female (8.8 9%). Therefore, the direct use of all female meiotic gynogens to enhance production of Thai walking catfish, may be doubtful. However, their use for breeding purposes is promising providing that inbreeding depression is eliminated.

This study investigated the size, diversity, dominance and trophic structures of the exploited inshore fish community of the Sinazongwe area, Lake Kariba, Zambia, for the period 1980-1995. It was based on fish records of scientific gillnet surveys and on data available in the literature. The size and diversity spectra exhibited, like those of exploited demersal marine fish communities, regular decreasing patterns, indicative of high fish numbers and diversity in smaller sizes and vice versa among larger sizes. The size spectra patterns were recurrent from year to year and well fitted by quadratic functions. The diversity (Shannon index) and dominance (J' index) decreased and increased linearly, respectively, with fish length. Diversity for larger lengths has decreased as evidenced by the annual variations of diversity spectra's slopes. The abundance-biomass comparison plots indicated years of undisturbed, strongly and moderately stressed fish community. The proportions of predators, especially of Hydrocynus vittatus, and the mean trophic level decreased linearly over years. The average diversity trophic spectra remained unchanged. The mean abundance and biomass trophic spectra indicated a top-predator controlled community over 1980-1984, and vice versa thereafter. The trophic structure descriptors better captured the fish community changes under increasing fishing pressure and revealed for the first time the “fishing down marine food webs” effects for Lake Kariba. The community attributes studied are potentially promising alternatives for the assessment and management of tropical exploited freshwater fish communities.

A new fishing method has been developed during the last twelve years by the tuna baitboats fishing seasonaly (from July to December) in the area of Senegal and Mauritania (West Africa, 12 to 21° N). Three species of tunas, yellowfin, skipjack and bigeye tunas are caught in similar proportions in this fishery. This method has produced a dramatic increase in the baitboat catch per unit of effort (CPUE). The paper describes this new fishing method where the boat is permanently running associated with a very large tuna school, night and day, during several months. A team of two baitboats exploits each school, operating one after the other. The biological and environmental characteristics of this associated-school fishing are analyzed from detailed log book data. The daily positions of each school and the catches by species and sizes are analyzed for each boat and school. The dynamics of the association between the tunas and the baitboat and the dynamics of this exploitation (i.e. input and output of tunas in each school) are discussed in relation to the peculiarities of the local environment (mainly sea surface temperature and bathymetry). The reasons for the increased CPUE in this associated-school fishing are analyzed. Further researchesshould be conducted in order to better understand how fish behaviour relates to this fishing mode and in order to estimate the potential local yield of the fishery, if increased fishing effort is exerted in the future.

The studies carried out on the Adour estuary on the migration of glass eels lead to the characterisation of their swimming behavior. Individuals migrate passively with the flood tide current behind the dynamic tide front, and their movements into the water column are linked to the surrounding luminosity and water turbidity. A numerical model was built from observations gathered on glass eel densities during scientific surveys. It uses the outputs of a hydrodynamic model accounting for the variations in the river flow and tide coefficient. It allows the simulation of the displacement of a particle in the longitudinal axis of the estuary. The variation of the vertical movements through the water column takes into account the cloud cover, the moon phases, the alternation of days and nights and the water turbidity. The results allow displaying the migration speed of groups of glass eels entering the Adour estuary. These simulations are validated by the comparison with in situ observations and the outputs of the behavioral model make possible, on the one hand, to simulate the migration speed of glass eels according to hydrological data and, on the other hand, to define the environmental conditions that stop or slow down their displacement into the estuary.

Among the strategies that can be used to improve fish welfare in a rearing environment,domestication and/or selective breeding was proposed to minimize fish responsiveness tohusbandry practices. To verify this hypothesis on a recently domesticated species, the seabass Dicentrarchus labrax, two experiments were realized, each using twopopulations differing according to their level of domestication or selection. For thefirst experiment, we used one population produced from wild parents (Wild;initial body mass: 106  ±  3 g), and one population from parents selected forgrowth for one generation (Selected 1; initial body mass: 129  ±  4 g).For the second experiment, we used one population produced from parents domesticated fortwo generations (Domesticated; initial body mass: 72  ±  3 g), and oneproduced from parents selected for growth for two generations (Selected 2;initial body mass: 89  ±  4 g). The first experiment was carried out over 112days with 240 fish (60 fish per tank, 120 fish per population), and the second one over 84days with 200 fish (50 fish per tank, 100 fish per population). Two variables,self-feeding behavior and growth performance, were measured over the time of theexperiments. After a control period, the fish were submitted twice, at three-weekintervals, to an acute stress treatment consisting of draining the tank and leaving thefish out of water for one minute. Both self-feeding behavior and growth performance werealtered by the acute stress treatment. During the first post-stress period, theDomesticated and Selected (1 and2) groups showed more pronounced post-stress exposure responses thanthe Wild fish: they modified their feeding rhythm, their feed intake, andtheir growth rate. During the second post-stress period, feeding rhythm was still affected(being more diurnal with a well defined peak), but the feed intake and growth rate resultsshowed that the Domesticated and Wild groups seemed lessaffected than the Selected (1 and 2)populations, which continued to express a high post-stress response.

According to these results, it can be concluded that: (1) an application of two acutestress treatments, at three-week intervals, modified fish feeding behavior and growthperformance; (2) the domestication process seemed to improve fish adaptation abilities tothis kind of stress; and (3) the process of selection for growth led to a final, bettergrowth, but did not seem to improve fish acute stress tolerance.

This paper deals with the economic impact of the invasion of a scallop fishery by an exotic shellfish that was accidentally imported some decades ago. The invasive alien species, a slipper-limpet, Crepidula fornicata, is a space competitor for local scallops, and its spread threatens the sustainability of the ongoing scallop restocking program. Facing this invasion, the local fisheries committee has initiated a containment project intending to make the restocking program consistent with the exotic species presence in the fishery. The issue is complicated by the occurrence of occasional toxic micro-algae blooms affecting the scallop fishery. The paper presents a model dealing with the economic impact of the invasive process, and a methodology for cost-benefit analysis of invasion management. According to numerical simulation, the invasion is a serious threat to the economic viability of the restocking program, and invasion management would help maintaining the long term sustainability of the fishery. Sensitivity tests highlight the importance of long term equilibrium scallop catches on the program result, depending on scallop farming technical performance and ecosystem disturbance.

Shallow water studies of fish behavior have used various methods for tracking fish. A new technique is shown to be promising because it can combine acoustic sizing with fish behavior studies. The principle of radar tracking, aligning the antenna beam with a target, was applied with an acoustic splitbeam transducer and dual-axis rotators for tracking individual fish over long periods of time. Deviation of the target from the beam axis produces a correction to point the axis toward the target. Initial studies with active acoustics have also evolved an acoustic tag tracking method. The system has successfully tracked several different types of fish, from juvenile salmon to sharks. The high speed of the rotators allows observations to be made at very short ranges. Much of the development of the tracking transducer targeted fish movement through dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers. In a recent experiment, adult salmon, returning to the Fraser River, Canada were tracked to measure avoidance to surveying vessels. The feasibility for tracking sharks was shown at the Tacoma WA Point Defiance Aquarium. A proposed method for tracking salmon, sharks or other species with echoes and/or using acoustic tags will allow the determination of behavior, acoustic size, abundance, and associated pelagic assemblages.

Among other applications, self-feeding has been used to study food preferences in fish allowing them to choose between feeders with different food content. Preference tests assume that (i) trigger actuations are motivated by appetite, (ii) fish can learn which feeder contains which food and discriminate between feeders solely on the basis of their content, and (iii) in groups of fish, the triggering preferences is representative for the individuals of the group. We studied individual triggering behaviour in four groups of 14 Atlantic cod (length of 34  ±  2 cm, weight of 424  ±  102 g, mean  ±  SE, water temperature comprised between 7–8 °C) that were first given the choice between two self-feeders with identical content (Period 1 of 14 days) and subsequently with one feeder full and the other empty (Period 2 of 14 days) . In all four groups, one or two individuals performed the majority of the actuations, and in three groups the high triggering fish was a female high-ranked for size and growth rate. Cod displayed a preference for one of the two feeders despite their identical content. When the preferred feeder was emptied, the preference switched after one to eight days but both feeders were still actuated throughout the experiment. In conclusion, the assumption that actuation frequency reflects food preference and is representative for the individuals of the group may not be true, at least for Atlantic cod. If aiming at determining preferences representative for the whole population multiple representative fish should be kept isolated in separate tanks, with self-feeders containing each food option, on each tank.