Background: Intravenous vancomycin is commonly used as initial empiric coverage for pneumonia but is often unnecessary. MRSA nasal surveillance cultures (MRSA nasal swab) have been highlighted in recent literature and the 2019 IDSA Pneumonia Treatment Guidelines as a tool to avoid unnecessary MRSA coverage in pneumonia. A negative MRSA nasal swab can be utilized by clinicians to de-escalate anti-MRSA therapies for pneumonia. The purpose of this study is to determine if implementing stewardship pharmacist driven MRSA nasal surveillance increases use of the test and reduces the inappropriate use of vancomycin for MRSA coverage in patients with pneumonia. Method: This study was a retrospective chart review and was approved by the Trinity Health of New England Institutional Review Board. For this initiative, a stewardship pharmacist evaluated all patients receiving vancomycin for anti-MRSA therapy at Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center in Hartford, CT. If the patient’s indication was pneumonia and a MRSA nasal swab had not been ordered, the pharmacist contacted the patient’s provider and requested an order for it. Upon receipt of a negative MRSA nasal swab result, the pharmacist recommended discontinuation of vancomycin to the provider if appropriate. Outcomes from the first four weeks of the pharmacist-driven initiative (April 10, 2023 to May 5, 2023) were compared to the four weeks prior to the initiative (March 13, 2023 to April 7, 2023) as a control group. The primary outcome of this study was percentage of patients who received a MRSA nasal swab. Secondary outcomes included percentage of patients who had vancomycin appropriately de-escalated based on MRSA nasal swab results and mean length of vancomycin therapy. Result: 116 patients met inclusion criteria: 61 in the control group and 55 in the intervention group. Percentage of swabs ordered increased from 36.1% (22/61) without pharmacist intervention to 80.0% (44/55) with pharmacist intervention (p < 0 .0001). There were also increased rates of vancomycin de-escalation in patients with pharmacist intervention, with 58.2% (32/55) of patients in the intervention group having vancomycin discontinued following a negative MRSA swab compared to 19.7% (12/61) in the control group (p < 0 .0001). Conclusion: The results suggest implementing a pharmacist driven MRSA nasal surveillance program into practice could increase the number of MRSA nasal swabs ordered and in turn promote more timely de-escalation of vancomycin in patients with pneumonia. The results from this study can be used to support the wide-spread use of pharmacist driven MRSA nasal surveillance protocols at other institutions.

Background: Non-prescription antibiotic use is defined as taking antibiotics without medical guidance, which includes using leftover antibiotics, obtaining antibiotics from friends or relatives, or purchasing antibiotics without a prescription. This study aimed to (1) determine the symptoms prompting individuals to use non-prescription antibiotics, identify their sources of acquisition, and document the types of antibiotics utilized, (2) identify any associated side effects, and (3) gain insights into antibiotic storage practices, including whether antibiotics were used beyond their expiration date. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted from January 2020-June 2021 in waiting rooms of six safety-net primary care clinics and two private emergency departments in Houston, Texas. Participants were read survey questions in English or Spanish by a bilingual research coordinator, and their responses to five questions about antibiotic use were recorded. Descriptive analysis was performed. Results: Among the 564 patients surveyed, the median age was 51 (range 19-92). The majority identified as female (72%), Hispanic/Latinx (47%), Black/African American (33%), held a college education (44%), and received public health insurance, such as Medicaid or County Financial Assistance (56%). Of all patients surveyed, 44% (246) reported taking an antibiotic without a prescription and answered questions about associated symptoms. Of all symptoms/illnesses associated with non-prescription use, the most common were sore throat (18%), dental symptoms (16%), and cold/flu (13%). The most common sources for non-prescribed antibiotics were leftover antibiotics (50%), from friends or relatives (31%), and purchased abroad (13%), although 3% had purchased non-prescription antibiotics from a local store or market (Figure 1). The most common antibiotics used were amoxicillin (38%) and penicillin (7%). The reported side effects were stomach pain/upset (24%), nausea and vomiting (19%), allergic reaction (e.g., rash) (14%), and diarrhea (14%). Among 246 participants reporting antibiotic use, 63% reported that the antibiotic they took had been previously prescribed for the same symptom/illness, and 93% had acquired antibiotics in a container, of which 90% reported that the container had an expiration date. Conclusions: Our survey reveals that 63% of individuals who use non-prescription antibiotics were motivated by having received prescribed antibiotics for similar symptoms previously. Leftover antibiotics were the source for half of all non-prescription use. These observations suggest that outpatient antibiotic stewardship campaigns have a window of opportunity at the time of the initial prescription of antibiotics, to focus on providing the shortest course possible, and to deliver antibiotic safe use information at that time. Acknowledgments: Financial Support AHRQ R01HS026901

Disclosure: Barbara Trautner: Stock: Abbvie--sold in December 2023; Abbott Laboratories--sold in December 2023; -Bristol Myers Squibb--sold in December 2023; Pfizer--sold in December 2023; Consultant--Phiogen—consultant. Contracted research through NIAID for STRIVE trial, currently testing Shionogi product; Contracted research--Peptilogics; Contracted research—Genentech

Background: National guidelines recommend penicillins (PCN) as first-line treatment for many common pediatric infections in the outpatient setting. Although less than 1% of the United States population has a true, IgE-mediated PCN-allergy, approximately 10% of patients are labeled with a PCN-allergy. Accurate adverse drug reaction (ADR) documentation plays an important role in this over-labeling. We have previously shown that nurses feel assessment and documentation of PCN-allergies are critical to their role. However, additional evidence purports nurse hesitancy to interrogate allergy accuracy or reclassify parent’s response to side effect. Our objective was to explore frontline clinicians’ confidence in assessing, documenting, and responding to PCN-allergy labels. Methods: To expose barriers and prioritize improvement ideas for a multidisciplinary quality improvement (QI) project aimed to improve PCN-allergy labeling in our pediatric urgent care clinics, we deployed this investigator-developed survey to prescribers and nurses. It’s comprised of 14-questions scored on a 5-point Likert scale (4 demographic, 4 PCN/safety, 3 allergy types, 4 allergy documentations, 3 treatment options), and 1 optional free-text. We used descriptive statistics to compare survey responses between prescribers and nurses and evaluated free text comments for themes. Results: Eighty-seven clinicians across 3 sites participated, with a response rate of 35%, with variation by sites (25.3% to 41.4%). Forty-one percent of (n=36) responders have been in practice >15 years and 40.2% (n=35) have worked at our hospital > 15 years (Table 1). Overall, perceived knowledge of PCN-allergies and safety was favorable (Table 2). Prescribers reported higher confidence with: 1) perceiving many patients who believe they are allergic to PCN can safety take PCN (prescribers median=5 [IQR: 4, 5] vs. nurses median=4 [4,4], p = 0.003); and 2) perceiving that time pressures influenced their ability to reconcile allergies and side effects (prescribers median=4 [4, 5] vs. nurses median=3 [2, 4], p = 0.001). Both prescribers and nurses reported lower confidence in continuing to administer or prescribe an antibiotic in the setting of a reported ADR. Thirteen respondents (15%) provided comments with specific requests for additional family education and practice guidance, including the referral process to subspecialty clinics for PCN-allergy testing. Conclusions: Our survey results identified barriers to accurate PCN-allergy labels, including knowledge on documentation, time pressures, hesitancy to challenge parent report, and uncertainty on referral process for PCN-allergy testing. This survey will inform future drivers for our QI. Opportunities include electronic medical record refinement, improving referrals to PCN-allergy de-labeling clinics, and the development of scripted education to guide family discussions.

Disclosure: Rana El Feghaly: Merck- grant funding. Amanda Nedved: Contracted Research – Merck

Background: In rural areas, antimicrobial stewardship programs often have limited access to infectious disease (ID) expertise. Videoconference Antimicrobial Stewardship Teams (VASTs) pair rural Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers with an ID expert to discuss treatment of patients with concerns for infection. In a pilot study, VASTs were effective at improving antimicrobial use. Here, we evaluated 12-month operating costs for staffing for 3 VASTs. Methods: We used the following data to describe 12 months of clinical encounters for 3 VASTs operating from January 2022 – March 2023: the number of VAST sessions completed and clinical encounters; Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes associated with clinical encounters; session attendees (by role) and the time spent (percent effort) on VAST-related activities. The annual operating cost was based on the annual salaries and percent effort of VAST attendees. We used these characteristics combined with private-sector and Medicare reimbursements to evaluate the cost of implementation and number of clinical encounters needed to offset those costs (breakeven) for each site. Results: Three VASTs recorded 229 clinical encounters during 117 sessions (Table 1). Based on CPT codes, the approximate revenue per patient was $516.46. Site A, the only site to break even, had the most sessions and clinical encounters as well as the lowest operating costs. For Site B, a slight increase in the clinical encounters, which might be achieved by 3 additional VAST sessions, would help achieve breakeven. For Site C, increasing the number of clinical encounters to 3-4 per session would have helped their VAST break even without requiring a decrease in operating costs. Conclusions: The frequency of VAST sessions, volume of clinical encounters, and low operating costs all contributed the VAST at Site A achieving a financial break-even point within 12 months. Consideration of the potential number of clinical encounters and sessions will help other VASTs achieve financial sustainment, independent of cost-savings related to potential decreases in expenditures for antibiotics and antibiotic-related adverse events. These results also provide insight into possible adoption and diffusion of VAST-like programs in the Medicare hospital setting.

Background: Aztreonam (AZT) is frequently used for the treatment of Enterobacterales-related infections, particularly for patients with penicillin allergy. We aimed to analyze the impact over time of changes in AZT Days of therapy (DOTs) on AZT susceptibility from some Enterobacterales after a multifaceted intervention to improve antibiotic management at a University Hospital in Florida. Methods: The study took place at a 560-lbed academic hospital in Miami, FL. A multifaceted intervention was implemented in this hospital to improve antibiotic management of patients with reported allergies to penicillin. The intervention included use of algorithm-based guidance, education, and feedback to providers. The analysis period spans from 2018 (pre-intervention) through 2022 (post intervention); 2019 was considered the wash-out period (Figure 1). Quarterly data for AZT-DOT and percentage of resistance to AZT for Enterobacterales were collected as part of the normal operations of the antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) using the infection control module integrated in the electronic medical record (Epic Bugsy). DOT and Enterobacterales antibiotic resistance to AZT was analyzed using linear regression in SPSS. Results: We identified a decrease in DOT AZT and percentage of AZT resistance from E. coli during the study period (Table 1). This intervention led to AZT DOT’s decrease from a quarterly average of 24 DOTs in 2018 levels to a sustained quarterly average of 4.3 DOTs for 2020 to Q2 2023 (decrease 80%) Antibiotic resistance to E. coli AZT changed from a 26.6% to 21.5% (19% decrease) (Table1). Simple linear regression identified a decrease in percentage of E. coli resistance to AZT associated with a decrease on AZT DOT (P-value 0.003), there was no association for other Enterobacterales. For each unit of decrease in AZT DOT there was 0.3% decrease in percentage of E. coli resistance to AZT (Table 2.) Conclusions: A decrease in AZT DOT during the observation period was associated with a decrease in E. coli resistance to AZT. Interventions aimed to decrease inappropriate antibiotic use are pivotal part of the fight against antimicrobial resistance; in our study we report a decrease in E. coli resistance to aztreonam related to decrease in the use of this antibiotic using education, guidance, and feedback to providers.

Background: Up to half of antibiotics used in nursing homes (NHs) are initiated in acute care hospitals prior to nursing home admission. Optimizing antibiotic prescribing on hospital discharge presents an opportunity to improve NH antibiotic use. We aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to optimal antibiotic prescribing on discharge from the hospital to NHs. Methods: This was a qualitative thread of a convergent parallel mixed methods study to identify high-value targets to optimize antibiotic prescribing on discharge from the hospital to NHs. We conducted 32 qualitative interviews: 16 with prescribers (9), pharmacists (6), and a care manager (1) from 3 acute care hospitals and 16 with advanced practice providers (12) and registered nurses/nurse managers (4) from 7 NHs in Oregon and Wisconsin. Interview participants were asked to describe their typical practice for prescribing antibiotics on discharge to NHs or admitting patients with antibiotic prescriptions from hospitals, and about barriers and facilitators for optimal antibiotic prescribing during these transitions. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed by 3 investigators using the qualitative descriptive analysis Results: Hospital healthcare workers described that there are different practice flows for oral and intravenous (IV) antibiotic prescribing. IV antibiotic orders are typically routed to the infectious diseases (ID) specialists and ID pharmacists to review and verify appropriateness. There were minimal established workflows to review and verify oral antibiotic orders. Pharmacists appeared integral to optimal antibiotic prescribin; however, the high frequency of oral prescriptions and short turnaround times from discharge orders to transportation limited pharmacists’ abilities to review these orders. With limited pharmacist involvement, the quality of oral antibiotic prescription relied on the prescribers’ knowledge, and there was no systematic oversight for inexperienced prescribers or specialists who may not be familiar with the adequacy of antibiotic use for NH residents. NH participants perceived that most antibiotics prescribed from hospitals were appropriate. Yet, some commented that they occasionally observe inadequate or unusual prescriptions from newer prescribers or specialists. NH participants most common concern related to antibiotic prescriptions was missing information including unclear or lack of antibiotic indications or stop dates. NH participants also stated that the frequent need to contact the hospital to obtain missing information is challenging and burdensome. Conclusions: Qualitative interviews identified several barriers and facilitators to optimal antibiotic prescribing on discharge to NHs. These results will be used to develop an intervention to improve antibiotic prescribing during these transitions.

Isolation of an unusual organism, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, from 2 cardiac surgical patients on the same day prompted an investigation to search for cases and cause. An extensive review demonstrated a pseudo-outbreak related to practices to conserve laboratory saline due to short supply resulting from supply chain shortage from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Background: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are often considered contaminants when isolated from blood cultures. While criteria exist to distinguish true bacteremia from contamination (Table 1), clinical judgement is often necessary. Clinical microbiology laboratories have traditionally identified CoNS to the species level only if present in multiple cultures. There have been concerns that blood cultures positive for rare or less familiar CoNS species might be misinterpreted as true bacteremia. Tufts Medical Center (TMC) clinical microbiology laboratory started reporting all CoNS to the species level in January 2023. We studied the impact of species-level identification of CoNS on clinically relevant outcomes following this change. Methods: The study evaluated inpatients at TMC aged ≥ 18 years with CoNS isolated from blood cultures between July 2022 and June 2023. The primary outcome was the difference in anti-staphylococcal antibiotic utilization between the pre- and post-intervention groups. Secondary outcomes included differences in true bacteremia diagnosis, length of hospital stay, and mortality between the two groups. We also compared the performance of Souvenir’s criteria with clinical judgement at distinguishing contamination from true bacteremia. A total of 100 patients were included in the pre- and post-intervention groups to detect an estimated effect size of 15% with a power of 81%. Results: Most patients were male, White, and English speaking (Table 2). No differences were found between the two groups in terms of infectious disease consultation frequency, blood culture collection department, or the presence of central venous catheters (Table 2). Staphylococcus epidermidis was the predominant CoNS in the post-intervention group. Blood cultures were repeated before and after starting antibiotics in 24% and 74% (pre-intervention) and 18% and 84% (post-intervention) of cases, respectively. Anti-staphylococcus antibiotic use was the same in both groups (82%). The median antibiotic therapy duration was 4.5 days pre- vs 3 days post-intervention (p =0.39). There were no differences in hospital length of stay or mortality between the two groups (Table 3). The clinical diagnosis of true bacteremia was established in 28% of cases in the pre- vs 25% in the post-intervention group (p= 0.63). Compared to clinical judgement, Souvenir’s true bacteremia criteria demonstrated a sensitivity of 80.3%, negative PV of 91.9%, and positive PV of 55.2%. Conclusions: Species-level identification of CoNS positive blood cultures did not impact antibiotic utilization, diagnosis of true bacteremia, length of hospital stay, or mortality. Further studies with larger cohorts and prospective designs are needed to validate these findings and assess the long-term implications in patients.

Introduction: The organizational readiness for change assessment survey (ORCA) is a tool to assess a site’s readiness for implementation and identify barriers to change. As the “Kicking CAUTI” antibiotic stewardship intervention rolled out on a national scale, we administered ORCA surveys to participating sites to capture baseline actionable information about differences among sites, to inform implementation. Methods: ORCA surveys were distributed by email to prescribing providers, nurses, pharmacists, infection preventionists, and quality managers at 40 participating VA Hospitals. VA hospital sites who submitted three or more surveys and their complexity level (measured as Level 1 (highest)-3) were included in the analysis. The highest complexity level facilities are those with the largest patient volume/risk, teaching and research, along with the largest number of physician specialists and contain at least five ICUs. Mean Likert scores were calculated for each of the 7 ORCA subscales on a scale of 1-5 (5 highest), and the mean of the 7 subscales was the overall ORCA score for a site. Non-parametric testing was performed comparing overall ORCA and each subscale based on complexity. Results: Among the participating sites, 30/40 (75%) completed at least three surveys, with a total of 202 surveys included for analysis, with 82% of surveys coming from higher complexity centers (Level 1). The highest ranked ORCA domain was the evidence subscale (measures perceived strength of evidence), mean 4.2, (SD 0.7). The lowest ranked ORCA domain across sites was resources (available to facilitate implementation), mean 3.3 (SD 0.9). Higher complexity centers had a significantly higher overall ORCA score than lower complexity centers (Level 1 or 2 vs. Level 3, p= 0.02). This difference was driven by the subscales evidence (p < 0 .01), leadership (p =0.05), measurement (p= 0.06), and resources (p=0.07) all being higher in the higher complexity facilities (Figure 1). Two of the categories (leadership and measurement) pertain to an organization’s leaders ability to create an environment for change to occur as well as promoting team building. Conclusions: The lowest scoring ORCA domain across all sites was the respondents’ perception of resources (staff, training) available for achieving change. Perceived resources were also lower in lower complexity sites, implying that medical centers of lower complexity may have higher barriers when implementing an antimicrobial stewardship intervention. This finding highlights the benefit of a national stewardship campaign that provides support to lower complexity medical centers that may not otherwise receive targeted training and support for their efforts.

Disclosure: Barbara Trautner: Stock: Abbvie--sold in December 2023; Abbott Laboratories--sold in December 2023; -Bristol Myers Squibb--sold in December 2023; Pfizer--sold in December 2023; Consultant--Phiogen--consultant. Contracted research through NIAID for STRIVE trial, currently testing Shionogi product; Contracted research--Peptilogics; Contracted research—Genentech

Background: Feedback reports summarizing clinician performance are effective tools to improve antibiotic stewardship in the ambulatory setting, but few studies have evaluated their effectiveness for pediatric inpatients. We developed and implemented feedback reports reflecting electronically-derived measures of appropriate antibiotic choice and duration for community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and measured their impact on appropriate antibiotic use in children hospitalized for CAP. Methods: We performed a single center quasi-experimental study including children 6 months to 17 years hospitalized for CAP between 12/1/2021-11/30/2023. Children with chronic medical conditions, ICU stays >48 hours, and outside transfers were excluded. The intervention occurred in 11/2022 and included clinician education, a monthly group-level feedback report disseminated by email (Figure 1), and a monthly review of clinician performance during a virtual quality improvement meeting. Patient characteristics were compared using chi-square or Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) was used to measure the immediate change in the proportion of CAP encounters receiving both the appropriate antibiotic choice and duration, as well as the change in slope from the preintervention to the postintervention periods. Choice and duration were analyzed separately using ITSA as a secondary analysis. Results: There were 817 CAP encounters, including 420 preintervention and 397 postintervention. Patients admitted in the postintervention period were older (median age 2 years vs 3 years, P=0.03), but otherwise there were no differences in race, ethnicity, sex, ICU admission, or complicated pneumonia. Preintervention, 52% of encounters received both the appropriate antibiotic choice and duration; 96% of encounters received the appropriate antibiotic choice and 54% received the appropriate duration. The ITSA demonstrated an immediate 16% increase in the proportion of patients receiving both appropriate antibiotic choice and duration (95% confidence interval, 1-31%; P = 0.047) and no significant further increase over time following the intervention (P = 0.84) (Figure 2). When antibiotic choice was analyzed separately by ITSA, there was no immediate change or change over time in the proportion of patients receiving the appropriate antibiotic choice. In the ITSA of duration alone, there was an immediate 17% increase in the proportion receiving the appropriate duration (95% confidence interval, 2-33%; P = 0.03) and no change over time. Conclusion: Feedback reports generated from electronically-derived metrics of antibiotic choice and duration, combined with ongoing clinician education, increased the proportion of children with CAP treated with the appropriate antibiotic duration. Electronic feedback reports are a scalable and impactful intervention to improve antibiotic use in children hospitalized with CAP.

Analyzing data from a national deidentified electronic health record-based data set using a matched case–control study design, we found that antibiotic use and severity of illness were independent risk factors for healthcare-associated candidemia in adult patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interleukin-6 inhibitor and corticosteroid use were not independent risk factors.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in neonates can result in significant morbidity and mortality. However, comparatively to adults, neonatal MRSA data remains relatively scarce. Additionally, while evidence-driven practices for adults have seen considerable progress, neonatal infection prevention strategies remain poorly described. The Leeds Newborn Service adopted a series of infection prevention and control (IPC) measures following a rise in MRSA cases in 2008–2009. This narrative review presents IPC measures for neonatal MRSA and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections and reflects upon local challenges and successes of these interventions. Our experience underscores the importance of an adaptive, evidence-based strategy, tailored to the neonatal population. Effectively addressing MRSA/MSSA requires continuous monitoring with sustained targeted interventions. Our key learning points highlight the intertwined difficulties of specific neonatal requirements and lack of definitive IPC guidance, suggesting a holistic approach is key for successful IPC outcomes in the neonatal intensive care unit setting.

Background: The use of antibiotics and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in Bangladesh are very high. Inappropriate use of antibiotics among hospitalized children has contributed to a high rise in antimicrobial resistance in Bangladesh. Data on the rational use of antibiotics in Bangladeshi hospitals are limited. This study documented current antimicrobial usage among children under five in selected tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. Methods: From August to September 2022, we conducted a point prevalence survey in four tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. We used the World Health Organization’s Point Prevalence Survey (PPS) methods and guidelines to conduct the study. Study participants were hospitalized under the age of five years children, and we collected information from the pediatric and neonatal wards of each hospital. Antibiotic-suggesting shapes were analyzed according to WHO AWaRe metrics and Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification. Results: The assessment included 189 children under the age of five, with the majority (78.8%, 149/189) being under one year children. Approximately three-fourths (75.1%) of children had peripheral vascular catheters following admission. Overall, 86.2% (163/189) of children were given antibiotics after being admitted to the hospital, with infants receiving the most (81.0%, 132/163). The majority of antibiotics were administered by parents (84.7%). Antibiotics from the Watch Group were most commonly prescribed (73.0%, 119/163), followed by a combination of the Watch and Access Groups (23.3%) to treat the children. Ceftriaxone (63.8%), Meropenem (16.0%), and Ceftazidime/Amikacin (8.0%) were the most regularly prescribed antibiotics. Young children (< 1 year) were more likely to get antibiotics (AOR: 3.54, p-value: 0.003) than the other children under the age of five. Conclusion: The data showed that most children received empirical antibiotics during hospitalization, and overuse of broad-spectrum Watch group antibiotics was common practice in hospital settings. Developing and implementing antibiotic use guidelines is critical to limit the inappropriate use of antibiotics for young children