Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T04:00:38.932Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Computational study of drag increase due to wall roughness for hypersonic flight

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2017

L. Wang ,
Y. Zhao  and
S. Fu
L. Wang*
Affiliation:
School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Y. Zhao
Affiliation:
School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
S. Fu
Affiliation:
School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
*
[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this study, a series of numerical experiments are performed on supersonic/hypersonic flows over an adiabatic flat plate with transitionally and fully rough surfaces. The Mach numbers simulated are 4, 5, 6, and 7; the flight heights considered are 20, 24, 28, 32, and 36 km. First, a modified roughness correction is proposed and validated with the measured data for low-speed flat-plate cases. It is verified that for the equivalent sand grain heights in the intermediate and fully rough regimes, there is a good agreement with the semi-empirical formula available in the open literature. Then, this roughness correction is applied to high-speed flow regime to investigate the effects of flight heights and Mach numbers on drag for rough-wall flat-plate cases. It is found that within the roughness measured in real flight, the roughness height change has little effect on drag compared to the variations of both flight heights and Mach numbers. The drag coefficient derivation between rough-wall and smooth-wall conditions, achieves the maximum value of 0.79% for the 60 cases selected.

Keywords

Turbulence modellingwall roughnesshigh-speed flowequivalent sand grain
Type
Research Article
Information
The Aeronautical Journal , Volume 121 , Issue 1237 , March 2017 , pp. 395 - 415
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Aeronautical Society 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

1. Gianluca, E., Iaccarino, S. and Shaqfeh, G. Nonlinear instability of a supersonic boundary layer with two-dimensional roughness, J Fluid Mechanics, 2014, 752, (4), pp 497–520.Google Scholar
2. Fu, S. and Wang, L. RANS modeling of high-speed aerodynamic flow transition with consideration of stability theory, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 2013, 58, pp 36–59.Google Scholar
3. Bowersox, R. Survey of high-speed rough wall boundary layers, invited presentation, Proceedings of Proceedings of the 37th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference and Exhibit, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Lu, M. and Liou, W. New two-equation closure for rough-wall turbulent flows using the brinkman equation, AIAA J, 2009, 47, (2), pp 386–398.Google Scholar
5. Busse, A. and Sandham, N. Parametric forcing approach to rough wall turbulent channel flow, J Fluid Mechanics, 2012, 712, pp 169–202.Google Scholar
6. Robertson, J. Surface Resistance as a Function of the Concentration and Size of Roughness Elements, Ph.D. thesis, State University of Iowa, Ann Arbor, Mich: University Microfilms, Inc., 1961.Google Scholar
7. Finson, M. A Model for Rough Wall Turbulent Heating and Skin Friction, AIAA Paper, 1982, 82-0199.Google Scholar
8. Coleman, H., Hodge, B. and Taylor, R. Generalized Roughness Effects on Turbulent Boundary Layer Heat Transfer—A Discrete Element Predictive Approach for Turbulent Flow Over Rough Surfaces, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State Engineering and Industrial Research Station, 1983.Google Scholar
9. McClain, S., Hodge, B. and Bons, J. Predicting skin friction and heat transfer for turbulent flow over real gas turbine surface roughness using the discrete element method, J Turbomachinery, 2004, 126, (2), pp 259–267.Google Scholar
10. McClain, S., Collins, S., Hodge, B. and Bons, J. The importance of the mean elevation in predicting skin friction for flow over closely packed surface roughness, J Fluids Engineering, 2006, 128, (3), pp 579–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Aupoix, B. Roughness corrections for the k–ω; shear stress transport model: Status and proposals, J Fluids Engineering, 2015, 137, pp 021202–1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Schlichting, H. Experimental Investigation of the Problem of Surface Roughness, NACA Technical Memorandum, NACA Technical Memorandum 823, pp. 1–34, Washington, DC, US, 1937.Google Scholar
13. Suga, K., Craft, T.J. and Iacovides, H. An analytical wall-function for turbulent flows and heat transfer over rough walls, Int J Heat and Fluid Flow, 2006, 27, pp 852–66.Google Scholar
14. Apsley, D. CFD calculation of turbulent flow with arbitrary wall roughness, Flow, Turbulence and Combustion,2007, 78, (2), pp 153–175.Google Scholar
15. Knopp, T., Eisfeld, B. and Calvo, J.B. A new extension for k–ω; turbulence models to account for wall roughness, Int J Heat and Fluid Flow, 2009, 30, (1), pp 54–65.Google Scholar
16. Eca, L. and Hoekstra, M. Numerical aspects of including wall roughness effects in the SST k–ω; eddy-viscosity turbulence model, Computers & Fluids, 2011, 40, (1), pp 299–314.Google Scholar
17. Fuhrman, D.R., Dixen, M. and Jacobsen, N.G. Physically-consistent wall boundary conditions for the k–ω; turbulence model, J. Hydraulic Research, 2010, 48, (6), pp 793–800.Google Scholar
18. Aupoix, B. and Spalart, P.R. Extensions of the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model to account for wall roughness, Int J Heat and Fluid Flow, 2003, 24, (4), pp 454–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Wilcox, D.C. Turbulence Modeling for CFD, 3rd ed, 2006, DCW industries La Canada, CA.Google Scholar
20. Foti, E. and Scandura, P. A low Reynolds number k–ε model validated for oscillatory flows over smooth and rough wall, Coastal Engineering, 2004, 51, (2), pp 173–184.Google Scholar
21. Seo, J.M. Closure Modeling and Numerical Simulation for Turbulent Flows: Wall Roughness Model, Realizability, and Turbine Blade Heat Transfer, Ph.D. Thesis, 2004, Flow Physics and Computation Division, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, US.Google Scholar
22. Durbin, P., Medic, G., Seo, J.M., Eaton, J. and Song, S. Rough wall modification of two-layer k–ε model, J. Fluids Engineering, 2001, 123, pp 16–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Stripf, M., Schulz, A., Bauer, H.J. and Wittig, S. Extended models for transitional rough wall boundary layers with heat transfer, Part I: Model formulations, J Turbomachinery, 2009, 131, p 031016.Google Scholar
24. Boyle, R. and Stripf, M. Simplified approach to predicting rough surface transition, J Turbomachinery, 2009, 131, p 41020.Google Scholar
25. Elsner, W. and Warzecha, P. Numerical study of transitional rough wall boundary layer, J Turbomachinery, 2014, 136, p 011010.Google Scholar
26. Langtry, R. and Menter, F. Correlation-based transition modelling for unstructured parallelized computational fluid dynamics codes, AIAA J, 2009, 47, pp 2894–2906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Dassler, P., Kozŭlović, D. and Fiala, A. Modelling of roughness-induced transition using local variables, 5th European Conference on CFD, ECCOMAS CFD, Lisbon, Portugal, June 2010, 14–17.Google Scholar
28. Ge, X. and Durbin, P.A. An intermittency model for predicting roughness induced transition, Int J Heat and Fluid Flow, 2015, 54, (55), pp 55–64.Google Scholar
29. Ge, X., Arolla, S. and Durbin, P. A bypass transition model based on the intermittency function, Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 2014, 93, pp 37–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Roy, C.J. and Blottner, F.G. Review and assessment of turbulence models for hypersonic flows, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 2006, 42, pp 469–530, Survey Review.Google Scholar
31. Menter, F.R. Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications, AIAA J, 1994, 32, pp 1598–1605.Google Scholar
32. Sarkar, S., Erlebacher, G. and Hussaini, M.Y. The analysis and modelling of dilatational terms in compressible turbulence, J Fluid Mechanics, 1991, 227, pp 473–493.Google Scholar
33. Sarkar, S. The stabilizing effect of compressibility in turbulent shear flow, J Fluid Mech, 1995, 282, pp 163–186.Google Scholar
34. Wang, L. and Fu, S. Development of an intermittency equation for the modeling of the supersonic/hypersonic boundary layer flow transition, Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 2011, 87, pp 165–187.Google Scholar
35. Wang, L. and Fu, S. Modelling flow transition in hypersonic boundary layer with Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes approach, Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy, 2009, 52, (5), pp 768–774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36. Wang, L., Fu, S., Carnarius, A., Mockett, C. and Thiele, F. A modular RANS approach for modeling laminar-turbulent transition in turbomachinery flows, Int J Heat and Fluid Flow, 2012, 34, pp 62–69.Google Scholar
37. Hu, R.Y., Wang, L. and Fu, S. Investigation of the coherent structures in flow behind a backward-facing step, Int J Numerical Methods for Heat, 2016, 26, (3/4), pp 1050–1068.Google Scholar
38. Wang, L., Xiao, L. and Fu, S. A modular RANS approach for modeling hypersonic flow transition on a scramjet-forebody configuration, Aerospace Science and Technology, 2016, 56, pp 112–124.Google Scholar
39. Nikuradse, J. Laws of flow in rough pipes. National advisory committee for aeronautics, NACA Technical Memorandum, NACA Technical Memorandum 1292, pp 60–68, Washington, DC, US, 1933.Google Scholar
40. Ligrani, P.M. and Moffat, R.J. Structure of transitionally rough and fully rough turbulent boundary layers, J Fluid Mechanics, 1986, 162, pp 69–98.Google Scholar
41. Vinokur, M. On one-dimensional stretching functions for finite-difference calculations, J Computational Physics, 1983, 50, pp 215–234.Google Scholar
42. Blanchard, A. Analyse Expérimentale et Théorique de la Structure de la Turbulence dúne Couche Limite sur Paroi Rugueuse, Ph.D. thesis, Université de Poitiers U.E.R.-E.N.S.M.A, 1977.Google Scholar
43. Hosni, M.H., Coleman, H.W. and Taylor, R.P. Measurements and calculations of rough-wall heat transfer in the turbulent boundary layer, Int J Heat and Mass Transfer, 1991, 34, pp 1067–1082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44. Hosni, M.H., Coleman, H.W., Garner, J.W. and Taylor, R.P. Roughness element shape effects on heat transfer and skin friction in rough-wall turbulent boundary layers, Int J Heat and Mass Tranfer, 1993, 36, pp 147–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45. Anderson, J.D. Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics, 1998, McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK) Ltd. Maidenhead, UK.Google Scholar