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4735 results in Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics

Page 93 of 237

  • 4 - Simulating Relativistic Nuclear Collisions

  • Paul Romatschke, University of Colorado Boulder, Ulrike Romatschke, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book:
    Relativistic Fluid Dynamics In and Out of Equilibrium
    Published online:
    29 April 2019
    Print publication:
    09 May 2019, pp 96-143

  • Summary

    This chapter reviews the basic ingredients of simulating relativistic nuclear collisions, of which fluid dynamics is one component. Nuclear geometry models with and without subnucleonic degrees of freedom are discussed, energy deposition at weak and strong coupling is reviewed and found to lead to similar results as the simple Glauber model with number of collision scaling. Initial state eccentricities are calculated, numerical algorithms to solve relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics are discussed and the freeze-out from fluid to particle degrees of freedom (hadronization) is described. The chapter closes with a discussion on how to calculate relevant observables in relativistic nuclear collision experiments.

  • 2 - Modern Theory of Fluid Dynamics

  • Paul Romatschke, University of Colorado Boulder, Ulrike Romatschke, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book:
    Relativistic Fluid Dynamics In and Out of Equilibrium
    Published online:
    29 April 2019
    Print publication:
    09 May 2019, pp 8-58

  • Summary

    The second chapter gives a derivation of out-of-equilibrium fluid dynamics from first principles, based on the framework of effective field theory. Main results such as the Euler equations, Navier-Stokes equations, BRSSS equations are recovered and the divergence of the hydrodynamic gradient expansion is discussed. Novel features such as the Borel summability of the divergent series, hydrodynamic attractors, the role of nonhydrodynamic modes and far-from-equilibrium hydrodynamics are described. The chapter closes by a modern derivation of fluid dynamics in the presence of thermal fluctuations.

  • 5 - Comparison to Experimental Data

  • Paul Romatschke, University of Colorado Boulder, Ulrike Romatschke, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book:
    Relativistic Fluid Dynamics In and Out of Equilibrium
    Published online:
    29 April 2019
    Print publication:
    09 May 2019, pp 144-156

  • Summary

    This chapter contains a detailed comparison between theory simulation results for relativistic nuclear collisions to experimental data. Different collision systems (lead–lead, proton–lead, and proton–proton collisions) are studied and it is found that fluid simulations deliver a remarkably accurate description of experimental data with a minimum of parameters and fine-tuning.

Relativistic Fluid Dynamics In and Out of Equilibrium
  • And Applications to Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
  • Paul Romatschke, Ulrike Romatschke
  • Published online:
    29 April 2019
    Print publication:
    09 May 2019
  • The past decade has seen unprecedented developments in the understanding of relativistic fluid dynamics in and out of equilibrium, with connections to astrophysics, cosmology, string theory, quantum information, nuclear physics and condensed matter physics. Romatschke and Romatschke offer a powerful new framework for fluid dynamics, exploring its connections to kinetic theory, gauge/gravity duality and thermal quantum field theory. Numerical algorithms to solve the equations of motion of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics as well as applications to various systems are discussed. In particular, the book contains a comprehensive review of the theory background necessary to apply fluid dynamics to simulate relativistic nuclear collisions, including comparisons of fluid simulation results to experimental data for relativistic lead-lead, proton-lead and proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The book is an excellent resource for students and researchers working in nuclear physics, astrophysics, cosmology, quantum many-body systems and string theory.

Page 93 of 237