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High precision interferometers typically employ reflecting surfaces to interfere an optical beam with itself multiple times. One of the earliest of these, developed by Charles Fabry and Alfred Perot, is also one of the most persistently useful and versatile interferometeric devices. First introduced in 1897 as a technique for measuring the optical thickness of a slab or air or glass [FP97], the device found its most successful application only two years later as a spectroscopic device [FP99]. In its simplest incarnation, the interferometer is a pair of parallel, partially reflecting and negligibly thin mirrors separated by a distance d; it is illustrated in Fig. 7.1. A plane wave incident from the left will be partially transmitted through the device, and partially reflected; the amount of light transmitted depends in a nontrivial way upon the properties of the interferometer, namely the mirror separation d, the mirror reflectivity r and transmissivity t, and the wavenumber k of the incident light. In this section we will study the transmission properties of the interferometer and show that a solution to the problem requires the summation of an infinite series.
The most natural way to analyze the effects of the Fabry–Perot is to follow the possible paths of the plane wave through the system and track all of its possible behaviors. We begin with a monochromatic plane wave incident from the left of the form U(z, t) = Aexp[ikz – iωt].
Why another textbook on Mathematical Methods for Scientists? Certainly there are quite a few good, indeed classic texts on the subject. What can another text add that these others have not already done?
I began to ponder these questions, and my answers to them, over the past several years while teaching a graduate course on Mathematical Methods for Physics and Optical Science at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Although every student has his or her own difficulties in learning mathematical techniques, a few problems amongst the students have remained common and constant. The foremost among these is the “wall” between the mathematics the students learn in math class and the applications they study in other classes. The Fourier transform learned in math class is internally treated differently than the Fourier transform used in, say, Fraunhofer diffraction. The end result is that the student effectively learns the same topic twice, and is unable to use the intuition learned in a physics class to help aid in mathematical understanding, or to use the techniques learned in math class to formulate and solve physical problems.
To try and correct for this, I began to devote special lectures to the consequences of the math the students were studying. Lectures on complex analysis would be followed by discussions of the analytic properties of wavefields and the Kramers–Kronig relations. Lectures on infinite series could be highlighted by the discussion of the Fabry–Perot interferometer.