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4035 results in Optics, Optoelectronics and Photonics

Page 81 of 202

Quantum Optics
  • Girish S. Agarwal
  • Published online:
    05 December 2012
    Print publication:
    15 November 2012
  • In the last decade many important advances have taken place in the field of quantum optics, with numerous potential applications. Ideal for graduate courses on quantum optics, this textbook provides an up-to-date account of the basic principles of the subject. Focusing on applications of quantum optics, the textbook covers recent developments such as engineering of quantum states, quantum optics on a chip, nano-mechanical mirrors, quantum entanglement, quantum metrology, spin squeezing, control of decoherence and many other key topics. Readers are guided through the principles of quantum optics and their uses in a wide variety of areas including quantum information science and quantum mechanics. The textbook features end-of-chapter exercises with solutions available for instructors at www.cambridge.org/9781107006409. It is invaluable to both graduate students and researchers in physics and photonics, quantum information science and quantum communications.

The Angular Momentum of Light
  • Edited by David L. Andrews, Mohamed Babiker
  • Published online:
    05 December 2012
    Print publication:
    08 November 2012
  • Recent developments in the angular momentum of light present fresh challenges to long established concepts and pave the way for new and wide-ranging applications. The scope for structured light such as optical vortices, in particular, now extends from microfluidics to quantum information. This is the first comprehensive edited collection dealing with light carrying spin and orbital angular momentum, covering both fundamental and applied aspects. Written by internationally leading specialists, the chapters have been compiled to reflect the latest scientific progress and to address the multitude of theoretical, experimental and technical issues associated with this vibrant and exciting field. The volume is an authoritative reference for academic researchers and graduate students engaged in theoretical or experimental study of optical angular momentum and its applications. It will also benefit professionals in physics, optics and optical engineering, chemistry and biology.

  • 1 - Quantized electromagnetic field and coherent state representations

  • Girish S. Agarwal, Oklahoma State University
  • Book:
    Quantum Optics
    Published online:
    05 December 2012
    Print publication:
    15 November 2012, pp 1-27

  • Summary

    The foundations of the quantum theory of radiation were laid by the work of Planck, Einstein, Dirac, Bose, Wigner, and many others. Historically Planck's [1] work on black body radiation is the foundation of any work on the quantum theory of radiation. Einstein's [2] work on the photoelectric effect established the particle nature of the radiation field. These particles were named as photons by Lewis [3]. Einstein [4] also introduced the A and B coefficients to describe the interaction of radiation and matter. He characterized stimulated emission using the B coefficient. Using thermodynamic arguments, he could also extract the A coefficient describing spontaneous emission which is at the heart of the origin of all spectral lines. This was quite a remarkable achievement. Dirac [5] implemented the quantization of the electromagnetic field and showed how Einstein's A coefficient emerges naturally from the quantization of the radiation field. It should be remembered that stimulated emission is the key to the working of any laser system. Following Dirac's quantization of the radiation field, Weisskopf and Wigner [6] were able explain in a very fundamental way the decay of the excited states of a system and hence derive the remarkable law of exponential decay. Bose [7] discovered a quantitative explanation for Planck's law. He introduced a new way of counting statistics relevant to quantum particles with zero mass. This was the beginning of quantum statistics. Bose's work was followed by Einstein [8] who produced a counting statistics for particles with finite mass (now known as Bosons).

  • 17 - Coherent control of the optical properties

  • Girish S. Agarwal, Oklahoma State University
  • Book:
    Quantum Optics
    Published online:
    05 December 2012
    Print publication:
    15 November 2012, pp 385-412

  • Summary

    In Chapter 13 we saw how the optical properties of a two-level system can be modified by the application of an additional strong coherent field. For example, the absorption of light by a two-level system depends on the strength and frequency of the driving field. Figure 13.5 showed that in certain frequency regions we can amplify a probe beam. We assumed in Chapter 13 that the coherent light beam was acting on the same optical transition as the weak probe beam. However, the atomic/molecular systems have many energy levels and we can take advantage of this to produce a variety of ways of controlling the optical properties. This would offer much more flexibility as different optical transitions would have different frequencies and hence one could use a variety of sources. In this chapter we present results for the optical properties of a multilevel system. We show that coherent control can make an opaque medium transparent. We also show that the dispersive properties, which are important for the linear and nonlinear propagation of light, can be manipulated by light fields [1–3].

Page 81 of 202