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7997 results in Fluid dynamics and solid mechanics

Page 76 of 400

Statistical Thermodynamics
  • An Engineering Approach
  • John W. Daily
  • Published online:
    17 December 2018
    Print publication:
    20 December 2018
  • Statistical Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach covers in a practical, readily understandable manner the underlying meaning of entropy, temperature and other thermodynamic concepts, the foundations of quantum mechanics, and the physical basis of gas, liquid and solid phase properties. It presents simply the relationship between macroscopic and microscopic thermodynamics. In addition, the molecular basis of transport phenomena and chemical kinetics are explored, as are basic concepts in spectroscopy. Modern computational tools for solving thermodynamic problems are explored, and the student is assured that he or she will gain knowledge of practical usefulness. This essential text is suitable for mechanical or aerospace engineering graduate students who have a strong background in engineering thermodynamics, those entering advanced fields such as combustion, high temperature gas dynamics, environmental sciences, or materials processing, and those who wish to build a background for understanding advanced experimental diagnostic techniques in these or similar fields.

Flow Control Techniques and Applications
  • Jinjun Wang, Lihao Feng
  • Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    13 December 2018
  • Providing comprehensive coverage, this is the first book to systematically introduce different flow control techniques. With a dedicated chapter for each technique, all of the most important, typical and up-to-date methods are discussed, including the vortex generator, biological techniques, the jet and synthetic jet, the plasma actuator, and closed-loop control. Understand their key characteristics and control mechanisms, and learn about their applications in different fields such as aviation and aerospace, mechanical engineering, and building construction. The necessary background on flow control is provided, including the history of the discipline, and the definition, classification and development of each technique, making this essential reading for graduate students, researchers and engineers working in the field.

  • 8 - Synthetic Jet

  • Jinjun Wang, Lihao Feng
  • Book:
    Flow Control Techniques and Applications
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    13 December 2018, pp 168-205

  • Summary

    The synthetic jet is an efficient active flow control technique that is based on the periodic generation of vortex ring/vortex pair. The influence of different dimensionless parameters, such as Stokes number, Stroke length, and Reynolds number, on the vortex evolution and flow characteristics is first analyzed, and thus the formation condition of the synthetic jet is proposed. A novel synthetic jet actuated by a non-sinusoidal function with variable suction and blowing cycles and a dual synthetic jet actuator are introduced. In addition, numerical models for the synthetic jet are compared. Then, applications of the synthetic jet in various fields, such as flow around a circular cylinder, hump/rump, airfoil, vehicle, and inlet duct, and the use for vectoring control and heat transfer, are introduced in detail, showing effective control ability. Thus, the synthetic jet has great potential applications in engineering, though there are still some pivotal problems that need to be resolved.

  • 7 - Jet

  • Jinjun Wang, Lihao Feng
  • Book:
    Flow Control Techniques and Applications
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    13 December 2018, pp 141-167

  • Summary

    The jet is also called the free jet, the steady jet, or the continuous jet, and is one of the conventional flow control techniques used for boundary layer flow control. The fundamental control mechanism is that the jet can enhance momentum mixing between inner and outer boundary layer, which is beneficial for separation delay. In addition, the jet can be used as an approach for circulation control, which can increase the lift coefficient significantly. Thus, the jet has been widely tested in airfoils, wings and aircraft for flow control. Also, the interaction of the jet with free stream can simulate the function of some conventional passive techniques, such as the vortex generator and Gurney flap. However, in comparison with passive techniques, the control techniques based on the jet can be conducted in real-time and unsteady control, which is more robust. Thus, jet flow control shows great potential applications in engineering.

  • 5 - Polymer

  • Jinjun Wang, Lihao Feng
  • Book:
    Flow Control Techniques and Applications
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    13 December 2018, pp 94-107

  • Summary

    Polymer is a passive but effective control technique for turbulent drag reduction. The applications of polymer in pipe and channel turbulent flow are introduced. It is indicated that the Reynolds number and polymer concentration are the two important parameters to determine the drag reduction of polymer additives, though there is a maximum drag reduction asymptote. For drag reduction cases, the mean velocity distribution in the viscous sublayer is nearly the same as the baseline Newtonian flow, while that at the logarithmic region is shifted upwards with polymer additives. Statistical study of the coherent structures indicates that the drag reduction is usually accompanied with a modification of the near-wall structures. In particular, the coherent structures become weakened, which is beneficial for drag reduction in turbulent flow.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Jinjun Wang, Lihao Feng
  • Book:
    Flow Control Techniques and Applications
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    13 December 2018, pp 1-22

  • Summary

    A general introduction to flow control is presented, including the background, classification, and features of various passive and active techniques. The passive methods include Gurney flap, vortex generator, bump, cavity, roughness, small disturbance, bleed, splitter plate, polymer, and biomimetic techniques. The active methods include oscillation and flow perturbation, acoustic excitation, jet, synthetic jet, plasma actuator, and Lorentz force.

  • 4 - Roughness

  • Jinjun Wang, Lihao Feng
  • Book:
    Flow Control Techniques and Applications
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    13 December 2018, pp 65-93

  • Summary

    Roughness is generally used for boundary layer flow control. Some traditional knowledge from the literature is first presented and then recent progress on roughness control is explained. Traditionally, roughness was used as an approach to advance flow transition, however some recent work has found an interesting result that roughness could delay flow transition and thus reduce the friction drag. Roughness also influences the roadmap of bypass transition and the coherent structures in the turbulent boundary layer. Since roughness can be made to form very simple configurations and can be easily attached to the object surface, such findings suggest significant potential applications of roughness in engineering.

  • 2 - Gurney Flap

  • Jinjun Wang, Lihao Feng
  • Book:
    Flow Control Techniques and Applications
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    13 December 2018, pp 23-47

  • Summary

    The Gurney flap is a simple device that can be easily attached to the pressure surface of an airfoil. The control effects of Gurney flaps on airfoils, wings, and aircraft are introduced, indicating that the Gurney flap can effectively increase the lift coefficient. Thus, it shows significant ability to shorten the takeoff/landing distance of aircraft. In addition, the influence of different parameters is compared and the control mechanism is revealed. Finally, some suggestions for engineering applications are given, as it is expected that Gurney flaps could be actually used in the near future.

  • 11 - Closed-Loop Control

  • Jinjun Wang, Lihao Feng
  • Book:
    Flow Control Techniques and Applications
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    13 December 2018, pp 266-277

  • Summary

    A closed-loop control system includes fluid system, actuator, sensor, and control algorithm. The control parameters depend on information from the control system which in turn depend on the control. Thus, it could adapt to the flow condition and contribute an intelligent and robust system. The control algorithm could be based on the reduced-order model or the measured signal from the flow field. The reduced-order model is usually achieved by advanced data processing methods, such as POD. On the other hand, measured variables, such as pressure and force coefficients, could also be used for the design of the control algorithm. Some examples of closed-loop control are introduced in detail to show its effect. It is suggested that the realization of closed-loop control is important for engineering applications of active flow control techniques.

  • 10 - Lorentz Force

  • Jinjun Wang, Lihao Feng
  • Book:
    Flow Control Techniques and Applications
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    13 December 2018, pp 246-265

  • Summary

    Lorentz force is a novel active flow control device originating from electromagnetism. It can be generated in electric fluids with a specific arrangement of the electrodes and magnets, with forcing in either the streamwise or the spanwise direction. The Lorentz force can change its magnitude and direction periodically, and the boundary layer can therefore be changed with the generation of the near wall jet. Though streamwise Lorentz force may increase the friction drag of the boundary layer, spanwise Lorentz force could result in a considerable drag reduction up to about 40% for the turbulent boundary layer. It is found that periodic Lorentz force could induce spanwise vortices that might weaken the turbulence activities. In addition, Lorentz force could reduce the flow separation, thus it can increase the lift coefficient over airfoils and also reduce the lift fluctuation of a circular cylinder. Considering that electric fluids are required for the application of the Lorentz force, it is suitable for the flow control of sea vehicles, such as drag reduction in submarines.

  • 9 - Plasma Actuator

  • Jinjun Wang, Lihao Feng
  • Book:
    Flow Control Techniques and Applications
    Published online:
    14 December 2018
    Print publication:
    13 December 2018, pp 206-245

  • Summary

    The plasma actuator is an effective device that could be used for active flow control. There are different kinds of plasma actuators, such as DBD plasma actuator, surface corona discharge actuator, and plasma spark-jet actuator, and the DBD plasma actuators are paid particular attention. The two main features of the DBD plasma actuator are that it can induce a wall jet and a starting vortex. Firstly, the conventional applications of the plasma actuators are introduced. The plasma actuator can delay laminar to turbulence transition. It can also delay or eliminate flow separation, and thus improve aerodynamic performance of airfoils, straight wings, delta wings, aircraft, and bluff bodies. On the other hand, some novel flow control conceptions based on plasma actuators are also introduced, including plasma synthetic jet, plasma Gurney flap, plasma circulation control, plasma vortex generator. It has been indicated that those techniques could achieve similar control effects to traditional techniques. Meanwhile, plasma-based techniques are easier to conduct in real-time and unsteady active control, and more convenient to implement than conventional techniques. Finally, the disadvantages of DBD plasma actuators and their solutions are discussed.

Page 76 of 400