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1901 results in Distributed, Networked and Mobile Computing

Page 23 of 96

  • Appendix I - Hot Research Topics

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 384-387

  • Summary

    A lot of research is happening in and around the field of cloud computing in order to achieve more efficient solutions to different issues and to gain optimal results from them. This section introduces a few, among many, hot research topics related to the wide domain of cloud computing.

    OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF CLOUD RESOURCE

    Resource management in cloud computing is the prime responsibility of the IaaS cloud service providers who build and manage the data centers. IaaS cloud provider has two major resource management objectives. First, to make the environment reliable as well as robust for optimal and efficient utilization of the data center infrastructure. The second is related to the SLA, which defines the relation with the consumer party.

    The first objective deals with issues like load balancing, fault tolerance, energy conservation etc. Here, the load should be distributed in a way that in a data center, the utilization rate remains in balance among resources of a similar type. To make a system fault tolerant, the allocation of the resources should happen in a way that the effect of the failure of some resource component remains insignificant. Energy conservation is another important issue while managing resources at a data center. Optimal energy use reduces computing cost and it should also be minimized to reduce the carbon footprint.

    A cloud provider may opt for a number of approaches to handle these issues. It can optimize these parameters by taking a combined approach, or it can work on every metric individually. The cloud provider may use some consistent set of combinations and/or may also decide to employ varied performance goals for individual operational situations. For instance, energy minimization may be a higher priority during low-load conditions, while the service performance may be the higher priority during high load. A balance should be maintained among all these choices without affecting the user expectations. Finding out an optimal balancing point between performance and energy conservation is a critical concern of the research in such cases.

    For resource management objectives related to the Service Level Agreements (SLA), the cloud providers generally adopt an approach called service differentiation. In this approach, different levels of service performances are delivered to different consumers depending on the service level agreements made with them.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 1-18

  • Summary

    The catchword Cloud Computing may sound new to the arena of computing as well as information technology; although the concept behind it is not completely new. In a broad sense, it is a step (forward) to access the web-based services through Internet; or in general terms, cloud computing represents an advance in the field of computing technology where management of computing services is outsourced to greater extents and in multiple dimensions. To be specific, computing facilities are being made available as services offered by reputed vendors.

    Computing technology has been evolved over the years. There have been steady developments in the field of computing hardware, software architecture, web technology and network communications over the last decade. The speed of internetworks has increased day by day and it has also become cheaper. All these developments contributed in settinging the stage for the initiation of the revolutionary concept of ‘cloud computing’.

    Cloud computing has changed the way computation happens. It provides the means for smarter ways to do business and accordingly it makes life simpler. This chapter tries to highlight the shortcomings in the traditional computing approaches and it attempts to iterate how the stage was ready for the arrival of this new model of computing.

    Cloud computing has evolved over the years and has changed the way people live and do business over the World Wide Web.

    WHAT IS THE BUZZ ABOUT

    Cloud computing provides the means for users to easily avail computing facilities whenever and wherever required. They need not worry about setting up infrastructure, purchasing new equipment or investing in the procurement of licensed software. Rather they can access any volume, large or small, of computing facilities in exchange for some nominal payment. It is a new model of computing which has become possible through integration of advanced computing models, sophisticated web technologies and modern network communication technologies (especially high-speed Internet).

    Cloud computing became a hot topic for large computing vendors (companies like Amazon, Google, Microsoft etc.) only from mid-2008, but the concept itself is quite old. People have different perceptions regarding this new computing model. To some, it is a new and radical innovation.

  • 5 - Cloud Computing Services

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 76-94

  • Summary

    As discussed in the previous chapter, the NIST model of cloud computing treats the computing methodology from two perspectives as deployment and as service. While cloud can be deployed in four possible ways, the services it offers can be categorized primarily into three different types.

    Apart from three primary cloud services, computing vendors deliver a number of specialized cloud services which are considered as special services under these three primary cloud services. In order to understand how cloud computing can be of value to consumers, it is important to understand the services it offers. This chapter focusses on all of these service delivery models.

    There are many vendors who provide different cloud services in the market today. Along with proprietary public cloud services, many open-source initiatives are also available which mainly focus on to create private as well as hybrid cloud environments. Few among those open-source initiatives have also been discussed in this chapter.

    SERVICE DELIVERY MODELS

    Three categories of computing services that people consume from the days of traditional computing have been already mentioned in the first chapter. They are:

  • ▪ Infrastructure Service

  • ▪ Platform Service

  • ▪ Software Application Service

    • Cloud computing talks about delivering these facilities to consumers as computing services through network/internetwork. The benefit for the consumers is that they can avail these facilities over Internet anytime, as much as required, sitting at their own locations in a cost-effective manner. They only need to have a simple and suitable access device (like PC, laptop, tablet, mobile etc.) to access these services. Using these simple devices anyone can access any kind of computing infrastructure, platform or software application on payment-as-per-actual-usage basis.

    Cloud computing offers computing infrastructure, platform and application delivered ‘as-a-service’. Those services are considered as primary cloud computing services and are referred to as:

  • ▪ Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

  • ▪ Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

  • ▪ Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

    • These services are generally pronounced as ‘i-a-a-s’, ‘pass’, and ‘saas’ respectively. They are the driving forces behind the growth of cloud computing. Clubbed together these three service models are commonly referred as SPI (Service-Platform-Infrastructure) model. Cloud service providers arrange these services for the cloud consumers. The NIST reference architecture represents these services under ‘service orchestration’ component of the providers (Figure 5.1).

  • 17 - Privacy and Compliance Issues

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 293-306

  • Summary

    Security and privacy are often mentioned in the same breath, but they are not similar. It is a fact that both of them are important for trustworthiness of a system. However, when it comes to cloud computing, security tends to draw more attention and concern. But that does not mean that privacy can be compromised in anyway. Privacy maintenance in cloud is mainly the responsibility of service providers but consumers should also be conscious about their own privacy while drafting the service-level agreement (SLA).

    Regulatory compliance is another issue that has taken a complicated shape in the context of public cloud computing facility. It often becomes difficult to fulfill all legal compliance requirements in a cloud environment where data centers of a service provider are spread across the globe and more often consumers do not know where (in which country or region) their data are being stored. Cloud consumers must be aware about their responsibilities regarding the information privacy and regulatory compliance maintenance, apart from checking service provider's reputation and approach towards maintenance of these issues.

    Apart from these, this chapter discusses GRC (governance, risk and compliance) issue as another important concern of any business and how the issue becomes more prominent with adoption of cloud computing services for businesses. Regular auditing of these issues may help identify any violation. Standard audit frameworks exist, which when adopted for auditing cloud services can help build trust among the consumers.

    A common misconception is that data privacy is a subset of information security. But, security and privacy do not mean the same.

    WHAT IS PRIVACY?

    Both security and privacy are interrelated but it is a misconception that privacy is a part of information security. Rather, privacy brings its own set of concerns. Privacy of personal kind of information may be very sensitive and needs special attention.

    In line with the concerns about the security of a cloud system, consumers need to be careful about the privacy of their data before they use services or enter into a contract with any cloud vendor. Who owns the data? Who has access to it? How many copies are being maintained? Will the data be erased in the event the customer changes the service provider?

  • 20 - Popular Cloud Services

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 351-374

  • Summary

    Computing as a utility service has been a long desired dream in the field of computing. Although the basic idea about cloud computing was introduced many years back, it could not become a reality due to several technological constraints. Later on, technologists succeeded in overcome these technical constraints one after another, and with time computing technology started advancing at a steady pace. The economical and other advantages of cloud computing were visible to everyone including business houses and once all of the required technologies were in place, the computing vendors jumped into the development of cloud services.

    In last ten years, many companies have been successful in offering cloud services in different types, sizes and shapes. List of such companies include the major technology vendors like Microsoft, Amazon and Google whose cloud services have gained a major share in the market. These providers along with many other large and middle size vendors and research institutes have developed and offered a number of service plans suitable for both individual consumers and businesses.

    Cloud computing is the future of computing in forthcoming years. Cloud services are rapidly gaining more and more appreciation globally and the expansion of cloud service industry is evident. It provides swift availability of enterprise-quality resource and high-performance computing services that can significantly improve business productivity. This chapter focuses on some very popular public cloud services presented by computing majors who also have contributed immensely in the development of IaaS, PaaS and SaaS.

    AMAZON WEB SERVICES

    Amazon.com, Inc. is an American electronic-commerce company with headquarters in Washington, United States. The company started as an online bookstore but later expanded its business in different domains. Amazon has emerged as a front-runner among the providers of public cloud services. Among the business domain of different cloud services, Amazon is considered as a market leader in Infrastructure-as-a-Service. The suite of cloud computing services offered by Amazon is known as Amazon web services (AWS).

    Amazon Web Services is currently the leading IaaS offering in the market. AWS is offered through the web and has been built strictly based on SOA standards following SOAP, HTTP, REST protocols. It also uses open-source operating system and application servers.

  • 14 - Database Technology

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 239-256

  • Summary

    The changing characteristics of data and need for new data processing models as well as file systems in high-performance computing environment have been discussed in previous chapters. The large data-sets produce not only structured data but un-structured data too. Storage requirement for unstructured data is entirely different from that of structured data. There is a need to maintain quicker data storage, search and retrieval as these are basic requirements in high-performance computing.

    Cloud computing not only provides support for traditional DBMSs, modern data processing requirements are also catered to as well. This chapter focuses on the characteristics of this new type of databases and discusses how un-structured data are stored in those databases for efficient processing. Apart from these, the chapter also discusses about different forms of database solutions available on the high-performance cloud computing environment.

    Data storage and database on the cloud is intimately tied with one another and that provides the scope for suitable solutions to optimize the database performance. This has changed the way how database is managed. Many cloud computing vendors have developed new methods of storing data objects which are different from the traditional methods of storing data.

    Data storage and database on cloud like high-performance systems are often intimately tied with one another for efficient processing of large volume unstructured data-sets.

    DATABASE IN CLOUD

    Consumers can avail database facility in cloud in two forms. First one is the general database solution that is implemented through installation of some database solution on IaaS (virtual machine delivered as IaaS). The other one is delivered by service providers as database-as-a-service where the vendor fully manages the backend administration jobs like installation, security management and resource assignment tasks.

    In the first approach, the users can deploy database applications on cloud virtual machines like any other applications software. Apart from this, the ready-made machine images supplied by the vendors are also available with per-installed and pre-configured databases. For example, Amazon provides ready-made EC2 machine image with pre-installed Oracle Database.

    In the Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS) model, the operational burden of provisioning, configuration, backup facilities are managed by the service operators.

  • 9 - Scaling in the Cloud

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 157-174

  • Summary

    Resource virtualization technique creates room for the adoption of dynamic approach in computing resource provisioning. The dynamic resource provisioning approach in turn creates the scope for developing scalable computing systems and applications. Scalability of systems and applications is an essential feature of cloud computing.

    Computing cost depends on the total volume of resources acquired by an application. Any acquired and unutilized resource unnecessarily increases computing cost. Again, low acquisition of resource may affect application performance during higher demand. Hence, any system must run with minimum volume of required resources and should have the ability to expand itself with growing workload which is critical from business point of view. Again, a system should also have the ability to reduce itself with declining workload in terms of acquired resources. Otherwise unnecessary resource acquisition increases the cost.

    This ability of expanding and shrinking of a system as per workload is known as scaling. Dynamic resource provisioning plays a key role in building of a scalable system but that alone cannot ensure the scaling. A system should also have the ability to integrate the provisioned resources effectively into itself (or release extra resources) and still run as the same system without any interruption or hitch. This ensures smooth user experience and at the same time reduces cost of computing and improves performance of applications.

    WHAT IS SCALING?

    Scaling is the characteristic of a system, model or function that describes its ability of growing or shrinking whenever required. In computing, scaling represents the capability of a system or application to deal with varying workload efficiently without bringing in a situation where resource shortage hampers performance or resource surplus increases the computation cost.

    In simple words, scaling is defined as the ability of being enlarged (or shrunk) for accommodating growth (or fall-off) to fulfill the business needs. A system or application architecture can be termed as scalable if its performance improves on adding new resources and the improvement is proportional to the capacity added.

    A system that scales well can maintain its level of performance or efficiency when it works under larger or growing operational demands.

  • 3 - Benefits and Challenges

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 38-55

  • Summary

    The emergence of cloud computing provides benefits of the utility service model to the computing users. Users of computing are now being called subscribers or consumers as they move towards cloud computing. Cloud computing is delivered to its subscribers over the internetwork as well as Internet. Subscribers can access the computing facility on subscription basis, anytime and anywhere.

    The scores of benefits of cloud computing are attracting users towards it. But any new innovation comes with few challenges and cloud computing is not an exception. This chapter discusses various benefits of cloud computing and also presents the challenges before it.

    The biggest challenge is related to data security and compliance issue. Most of the other critical challenges are due to the absence of open standards where vendors develop clouds using their own proprietary standard or technology. The good aspect is that, significant efforts have been undertaken to resolve all of these issues. Apart from these, this chapter briefly presents the role of web services in cloud computing development.

    ORIGIN OF THE TERM ‘CLOUD COMPUTING’

    The origin of the term ‘cloud computing’ dates back to the early 1990s. In those early days of network design, network engineers used to draw network diagrams representing different devices and connections among them. In such diagrams, they used to represent outer network arenas with cloud symbol since those details were not in their knowledge. This was known as ‘network cloud’ or ‘cloud’ in the networking industry during that period, but today we do not mean ‘cloud computing’ in the same sense.

    With the beginning of utility computing initiatives towards the end of the last century, major software firms focussed on deliver applications over the Internet. Email services gained pace during this period as the vendors started to offer the facility to their users. And the most remarkable initiative came from Salesforce.com when they delivered business application for enterprises over the Internet in 1999. But all of these efforts were seen as part of utility computing facility development. Cloud computing did not emerge till then.

    The term ‘cloud computing’ appeared in the market with its present meaning in the year 2006.

  • 10 - Capacity Planning

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 175-189

  • Summary

    Cloud Computing has an alluring concept about service, and that is, it has the ability to deliver infinite resources: consumers can get any kind and any volume of resources instantly as per their demands. The somewhat incorrect idea of infinite resources in cloud computing has primarily been accomplished by creating flexible resource pools. Resource virtualization technique and auto-scaling mechanism enable an uninterrupted supply of resources during the execution of system or application.

    However, if not understood properly the concept of infinite computing resources may cause serious concerns about the success of a cloud service. At the physical (data center) level, it is never possible for a cloud service provider to arrange an unlimited volume of computing resources. Service providers actually create the impression of unlimited resources before their consumers by strategic arrangement and utilization of resources. This chapter will discuss these strategies.

    Earlier, the safest traditional approach in capacity planning was to buy resources for an estimated maximum capacity, which resulted in resource wastage and an unprecedented increase in budget. However with the assurance of an unlimited and dynamic supply of resources, enterprises can now plan business with minimum required resources. This reduces resource wastage as well as computing costs.

    Apparently, it is the responsibility of the IaaS providers to deliver all resources as per the demand of the consumers. However without the sincere participation of the upper layer service providers (PaaS and SaaS providers) IaaS providers alone cannot make this idea successful. Even end users of cloud services (application consumers) have major roles to play. The chapter focuses on these aspects also.

    WHAT IS CAPACITY PLANNING

    Capacity Planning in computing is basically developing a strategy which guarantees that at any moment, the available or arranged resources will be sufficient to support the actual demand for resources and that too at the minimal possible cost. The goal of capacity planning is to identify the right amount of resource requirement to meet the service demands at present and also in the future.

    Resource requirement of an application generally differs with time. A cost effective agile system can only be developed by understanding these shifting resource needs, and with proper capacity planning in place. Appropriate capacity planning made for a system offers enormous benefits.

  • 21 - Mobile Cloud Computing and The Internet of Things

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 375-383

  • Summary

    The introduction of cloud computing has revolutionized the way of computing as it was being done. The impact of cloud computing technology has reached every corner of the world. It has introduced a new era where innovative technological advancements are emerging based on the strength and utility of cloud computing. Cloud computing may take some time to attain its full maturity but it has appeared as the biggest thing after the Internet. With its fast adoption in different domains and businesses, researchers are working on several issues of cloud computing. This concluding chapter of the book discusses such topics.

    This chapter briefly introduces two topics which are emerging as subjects of attraction after cloud computing. Mobile cloud computing is a technology that has opened the scope for overcoming the limitations of mobile computing through effective utilization of cloud computing. This makes mobile computing attractive and more useful for users, especially for billions of smart phone users.

    The most remarkable happening in the connectivity domain, after cloud computing is the ‘internet of things’. It promises to bring a revolution in human civilization by connecting living and non-living objects, and simplifying the act of collecting different information about them. All these digital innovations are propelling us towards a smarter planet.

    MOBILE CLOUD COMPUTING

    Mobile cloud computing (MCC) refers to the computing facility introduced by combining three fascinating technologies together: mobile computing, cloud computing and wireless communication. The emergence of MCC is followed by the explosive growth in uses of mobile devices, especially smart phones where cloud computing acts as a potential technology enabler for mobile services. The actual objective of MCC is to provide rich experience to users by offering cutting edge applications over a variety of mobile devices.

    The popularity of mobile devices which facilitates trouble-free communication and instant availability of information has made them an integral part of modern age human civilization. As a consequence, mobile cloud computing has emerged as an advanced step in the process of enriching mobile computing.

    Mobile Computing

    In simple words, mobile computing is a technology where computing-capable devices can transmit data without being connected to any device or network physically, even when in transit.

  • 19 - Cloud Management and a Programming Model Case Study

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 327-350

  • Summary

    Cloud computing does not imply any single technology. In short, a combination of multiple methodologies defines its architecture. The management of various aspects associated with this computing facility thus becomes very important case for successful outcome during its real-life implementations. Be it business delivery, or technical foundation of system development, the ‘service’ takes center stage in cloud computing. Consequently, cloud service management has become another important issue to be discussed in a new context.

    Most management activities in cloud are automated and SLA-driven. The service level agreement (SLA) thus plays an important role in the success of cloud computing. This chapter represents the lifecycle of SLA, apart from discussing the lifecycle of cloud service. Cloud management standards, tools and responsibilities of providers and consumers have also been discussed.

    This chapter also focuses on various programming models which are implemented on cloud. For this purpose a case study is represented with Aneka cloud platform which has a special feature of supporting multiple programming models. In this context, the chapter tries to revisit the cloud computing architecture once more and represents its design characteristics and few non-functional features as well from different angles.

    CLOUD ARCHITECTURE: REVISITED

    In very broad sense, the cloud computing system can be viewed as composition of two elements:

  • ▪ Client application at the front end

  • ▪ The cloud as the back end.

    • This is a very simple description as the backend comprises of several layers and abstractions. In most cases, the ‘client application’ at the frontend is a web browser through which cloud service interfaces (i.e. the portals) are accessed. Consumers can access the backend ‘cloud’ from any simple electronic device capable of running web browsers. Only prerequisite is the availability of network or Internet service. Quality of cloud service accessibility often depends on the speed of the network. But with advancements in the field of internet technology, speed is the least worrying factor nowadays.

    At the backend, the ‘cloud’ resides at some remote location generally being managed by some service providers. Reputed providers develop cloud service infrastructure at their own data centers. A provider can have multiple data centers at different geographic locations. As shown in Figure 19.1, this backend part can be seen as composition of two broad components: a cloud building platform and the cloud services.

  • 12 - Service-Oriented Architecture

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 207-223

  • Summary

    Management of any large system turns out to be a complex task if the architecture of the system is not flexible enough. It becomes difficult to deploy new functionalities, alter existing functionalities and integrate interoperability when an immovable system grows. As a solution, any large system should be decomposed into functional primitives for efficient and flexible management and this philosophy perfectly applies to cloud computing systems too.

    Clouds are generally heterogeneous and large in volume by their own nature. Hence, the flexible architecture (or flexible application architecture) is an essential criterion for making the computing system agile and capable of adjusting to quick changes in business strategy to take advantage in a competitive business market.

    The conventional application architectures are not designed to take advantage of infrastructural agility and diversity like a cloud. In cloud computing, applications perform best when they are built based on the paradigm called as ‘service-oriented architecture’ or SOA. This new architectural paradigm makes cloud applications flexible and specially shows its ability when the system grows over time. This chapter focuses on the philosophy of the service orientation, discusses its advantages and indicates how business application becomes agile with SOA implementation.

    THE PRE-SOA ERA

    Conventional computing systems were based on centrally-administrated architecture. But, such architecture was not appropriate for quick application development, neither was it designed to support rapid changes in functionality. Moreover, the processes of developing a new application system used to become complex, time-consuming and expensive.

    Then the concept of component based application development (CBD) model emerged. It had many goals similar to SOA. A component is a software object which is meant to interact with other components. Components are used to represent basic system functionalities, those which collaborate with other components. CBD promotes decomposition and reusability. It also increases productivity, quality and decreases the time-to-market. But interoperability is the issue that could not be handled with this system development model.

    With the widespread adoption of heterogeneous distributed systems, the need for application interoperability appeared. Heterogeneous system refers to the ability of integrating multiple type (cross architecture and/or cross vendor) of one or more computing resources (like processor) into a single computing environment. Cloud computing system is the ultimate outcome of heterogeneity.

  • 2 - Evolution and Enabling Technologies

  • Sandeep Bhowmik
  • Book:
    Cloud Computing
    Published online:
    31 August 2020
    Print publication:
    17 April 2017, pp 19-37

  • Summary

    Cloud computing is not an abrupt innovation. Rather, it is a series of developments that have taken place over past few decades. Progresses in computing technology, starting from its early days, has slowly metamorphosed into cloud computing in this advanced era. Although the idea of cloud computing originated long ago, the concept could not materialize due to lack of necessary technological elements.

    Documentary evidence can be traced back to the 1960s, when John McCarthy (who coined the term ‘artificial intelligence’) wrote that ‘computation may someday be organized as a public utility.’ Since then, computing technology has gone through phases of development. Hardware and communication technology have been progressed, Internet has changed the world and at the same time, the web-based software architecture has also matured.

    As advancements in all associated fields have slowly overcome the limitations of earlier approaches, it has been possible to realize the dream of computing as the new measure of public utility. This chapter focusses on the evolution of cloud computing and discusses how generations have developed through stages like centralized computing, client server computing, distributed computing and grid computing on to cloud computing.

    THE EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING

    Cloud computing is not an isolated development. Cloud technology has been matured over the years with constant advancements in the field of computing. The beginning can be traced back to a time when remote access to time-shared computing system became a reality. The realization of cloud computing has been closely linked with several other subsequent developments in the domain.

    Several decades of research, particularly in the domain of parallel and distributed computing, have paved the way for cloud computing.

    A thorough discussion about the development of cloud computing can never overlook the continuous innovations in the field of electronic and computing hardware. As the hardware technology evolved, so did the software. Beside these, with the advancements in communication protocols, network communication technology as well as Internet also played a vital role in this process. This section focusses on different phases of developments in the field of computing starting from the mainframe age and discusses how those progresses have contributed towards the growth of cloud computing.

Page 23 of 96